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Why is female life expectancy longer? Exploring biological, behavioral, and social factors

Across the globe, women consistently outlive men, a phenomenon that has persisted for centuries. For example, in 2021, the average global life expectancy was 73.8 years for women versus 68.4 years for men, a 5.4-year gap. Understanding why is female life expectancy longer requires examining a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, lifestyle, and societal influences that protect women while often placing men at higher risk.