Understanding the Basics: SSDI vs. SSI
It's crucial to distinguish between the two main Social Security programs that provide financial assistance to people with disabilities, as only one provides dependent benefits in most cases.
- Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI): This program is for workers who have paid Social Security taxes and have a severe impairment that prevents them from working. Because it's an insurance program funded by payroll taxes, it allows for dependents to also receive payments based on the disabled worker's earnings record.
- Supplemental Security Income (SSI): This is a needs-based program for low-income individuals who are aged, blind, or disabled. It does not provide dependent benefits, though a child in a low-income family with a qualifying disability could be eligible for their own SSI payments.
| Feature | Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) | Supplemental Security Income (SSI) |
|---|---|---|
| Dependent Benefits | Yes, for eligible family members. | No, not for dependents. |
| Funding Source | Social Security taxes paid by workers. | General tax revenues. |
| Eligibility | Based on the worker's disability and work history. | Based on financial need, disability, or age (65+). |
| Benefit Amount | Based on the worker's lifetime earnings record. | Federal benefit rate, adjusted for income and resources. |
| Application | Through the SSA, can be filed with the worker's application. | Separate application process based on financial criteria. |
Who Qualifies as a Dependent for SSDI?
If a worker is approved for SSDI, several types of family members may be eligible for benefits. These individuals must have their own application filed with the Social Security Administration (SSA).
Spouse and Ex-Spouse Benefits
A spouse of a worker receiving SSDI may qualify for benefits if they are 62 or older, or are caring for the disabled worker's child who is under 16 or is disabled. An ex-spouse may also be entitled to benefits if the marriage lasted at least 10 years, they are unmarried, and at least 62.
Children's Benefits
Unmarried children under age 18, or 18-19 and a full-time student, can receive benefits. Adopted children, stepchildren, and grandchildren can also be eligible under certain conditions.
Disabled Adult Child (DAC) Benefits
An unmarried adult child can receive SSDI benefits on a parent's record if their disability began before age 22, and they do not need their own work record.
How Benefit Amounts are Calculated
For each eligible dependent, the SSA pays up to 50% of the disabled worker's benefit amount, but the total amount is limited. The maximum family benefit is capped at a percentage of the worker's benefit, typically 150% to 180%. If the total exceeds this cap, each dependent's payment is reduced proportionally. The disabled worker's payment is not affected.
The Application Process for Dependent Benefits
Applying for dependent benefits often requires a phone call or in-person visit to a Social Security office. You will need documents like Social Security numbers and birth certificates. The process can be initiated by calling the SSA at 1-800-772-1213.
Maximizing Your Family's Benefits
To maximize benefits, consider these points:
- Apply early to avoid delays.
- Monitor age changes, as a child's benefit typically ends at 18 (or 19 if in high school).
- Investigate converting benefits to Disabled Adult Child (DAC) status as a child approaches 18 if their disability began before 22.
Conclusion
Social Security's provision for dependent benefits provides crucial financial protection for families of disabled workers. Understanding the rules for SSDI, eligibility, and the application process can help ensure spouses and children receive the support they need. For additional resources and to verify regulations, visit the Social Security Administration's family benefits page: Family benefits | SSA.
