What is the difference between geriatrics and gerontology?
While often confused or used interchangeably, geriatrics and gerontology represent distinct fields with different scopes. Understanding this difference is key to understanding why the term geriatric is still used and what it signifies in a medical context.
Geriatrics: The medical specialty
Geriatrics is the medical specialty that focuses on the health care of older adults. Just as pediatrics is the medicine of children, geriatrics is the medicine of the aging. Geriatricians are medical doctors who have completed specialized training in the physical, mental, emotional, and social health issues affecting older adults. They are experts at managing chronic illnesses, coordinating complex care plans, and addressing issues unique to the older population, such as frailty, falls, and cognitive decline. Geriatric medicine is patient-centered, aiming to improve the overall quality of life and maintain the independence of older adults.
Gerontology: The study of aging
Gerontology, on the other hand, is the multidisciplinary study of the aging process itself. It encompasses the biological, social, and psychological changes that occur over the human lifespan. A gerontologist is not necessarily a medical doctor; their work might involve researching aging at a cellular level, developing public policies for aging populations, or studying the social impacts of retirement. Gerontology provides the theoretical and research-based foundation that informs the medical practice of geriatrics.
The appropriate use of the term geriatric
Given the potential for misinterpretation and ageist undertones, the term geriatric must be used with precision. The National Institute on Aging (NIA) advises avoiding geriatric when describing individuals or groups of people, reserving it for its technical, medical context.
In a medical setting
In a clinical context, using the term geriatric is completely appropriate. Medical facilities and professionals will use the term to refer to the specific branch of medicine and the specialized care involved. For example, you might see a 'geriatric evaluation' performed in a hospital or an 'outpatient geriatric clinic'.
Describing individuals: a language shift
While a medical professional might refer to a patient's care plan as geriatric, it's important for non-professionals to avoid using the term as a descriptor for a person. Instead of saying "a geriatric patient," the preferred language is "an older adult" or "an older person". This shift in terminology is part of a larger effort to combat ageism and promote age-inclusive language. Just as one wouldn't refer to a child as a 'pediatric,' one should not refer to an older person as 'geriatric'.
When is it time to see a geriatrician?
Deciding to see a geriatrician isn't about hitting a specific age, but rather about addressing complex health needs. An 88-year-old in great health might not need one, while a 65-year-old with multiple chronic conditions could benefit immensely. A consultation is often recommended when an individual is managing multiple health issues, dealing with frailty, or experiencing significant difficulties with daily activities.
A geriatrician can help with:
- Managing multiple chronic conditions simultaneously.
- Addressing and preventing frequent falls.
- Evaluating and managing complex medication regimens (polypharmacy).
- Assessing and managing cognitive changes, such as dementia.
- Providing support and resources to family caregivers.
Alternatives to the term geriatric
Promoting respect and dignity for older adults means choosing language carefully. Numerous alternatives are available for both conversational and professional contexts.
Comparison of terms
| Term | Appropriate Usage | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Geriatrics | Noun for the medical specialty; adjective for medical services. | "The hospital has a new geriatrics department." |
| Older Adult | General, respectful term for individuals over 65, preferred over "elderly." | "Programs for older adults can be found at the senior center." |
| Gerontology | Noun for the study of aging. | "She is pursuing a degree in gerontology to better understand the aging process." |
| Age-Related | Describing conditions linked to aging. | "He is managing several age-related health issues." |
| Senior | While some prefer it, others find it can carry negative connotations. Use with caution. | "The senior discount is available on Tuesdays." |
Addressing ageist language
Beyond simply choosing the right words, it's vital to recognize and challenge ageist attitudes and stereotypes. Phrases like "of a certain age" or implying that aging is a decline to be overcome are examples of subtly ageist language. Framing aging as a normal, diverse human experience is a more positive and accurate approach.
The future of aging and care
The field of geriatrics is continually evolving to meet the needs of a growing older population. As the healthcare landscape changes, so too does the approach to care, with an increased focus on patient-centered, holistic care that considers the unique physiology of older bodies. With advances in research and a broader societal understanding, the future of aging care will likely see even more specialized attention paid to maintaining function, independence, and overall well-being. For those interested in learning more about the medical side of this field, authoritative resources like the American Geriatrics Society provide valuable insights into ongoing research and clinical practice.
Conclusion: The correct usage matters
The term geriatric is not outdated but remains a vital and specific medical term for a specialized field of care. However, using it outside of its proper medical context can contribute to harmful, ageist stereotypes. By understanding the distinction between geriatrics and gerontology, and by consciously choosing respectful, person-first language, we can foster a more dignified and accurate dialogue around aging and the health of older adults. The goal is to move beyond labels and focus on providing the comprehensive care and respect that every older individual deserves.
