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Which of the following is assessed by the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale?

According to the American Geriatrics Society, pain in older adults is often undertreated, and this is especially true for those with severe dementia. The Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale is an observational tool used by healthcare professionals to evaluate pain in patients who cannot verbally communicate their discomfort. It is crucial for improving care for a vulnerable population that cannot self-report pain effectively.