What is talking to older people in a condescending and repetitive way called?

According to the World Health Organization, ageism is a significant global problem affecting the health and well-being of older adults [4]. A common manifestation of ageism is a condescending and repetitive communication style known as elderspeak.

Quick Summary

Speaking to older adults in a condescending and repetitive manner is often referred to as elderspeak. This communication pattern, frequently rooted in ageist stereotypes, can be detrimental to the self-esteem and overall well-being of seniors.

Key Points

• Definition: Elderspeak is a condescending and repetitive communication style directed at older adults [1].

• Characteristics: Features include simplified language, exaggerated tone, excessive repetition, and inappropriate use of terms of endearment [2].

• Ageism: Elderspeak is rooted in ageist stereotypes and assumptions about older adults' capabilities [2, 5].

• Negative Impacts: It can lead to reduced self-esteem, increased dependency, social isolation, and resistance to care [3].

• Respectful Alternatives: Use their preferred name, speak naturally, listen actively, and avoid assumptions based on age [1, 2].

• Focus on Dignity: Respectful communication treats older adults as individuals with valuable experiences and autonomy [2].

Understanding Elderspeak: A Form of Ageism

Elderspeak is a specific type of communication directed at older adults that is often characterized by a condescending tone, simplified vocabulary, and excessive repetition [1, 2]. While the intention behind elderspeak may sometimes be benign, perhaps stemming from a desire to be perceived as helpful or caring, its effects can be detrimental to the older person's dignity and self-esteem. It is considered a form of ageism because it is based on negative stereotypes about aging and assumes reduced capacity or understanding in older individuals [2, 5].

Unlike appropriate modifications made for genuine communication needs, such as speaking clearly and at a moderate pace to someone with hearing difficulties, elderspeak involves unwarranted adjustments that can be infantilizing. This can include using overly familiar terms of endearment, speaking in an exaggeratedly high-pitched voice, or repeating questions and statements unnecessarily [1]. These behaviors, often subconscious, can contribute to feelings of frustration, embarrassment, and a decline in self-confidence for the older adult [3].

Characteristics of Elderspeak

Recognizing the components of elderspeak is crucial for avoiding this communication pattern. It's not just one single behavior but a cluster of verbal and non-verbal cues. Key characteristics include:

• Simplification of Language: Using overly simple words or short sentences, assuming the older adult has a limited vocabulary or cognitive ability [1].
• Exaggerated Tone and Pitch: Employing a high-pitched, sing-song, or overly sweet tone of voice, similar to how one might speak to a baby [2].
• Excessive Repetition: Repeating phrases or questions multiple times, even when the older adult has indicated understanding or responded [1].
• Using Terms of Endearment Inappropriately: Calling an older adult by terms like "honey," "sweetie," or "dear" when they are not a close family member or friend [2].
• Collective Pronouns: Using "we" or "us" when referring to the older adult's needs or actions, such as "Are we ready for our bath?" instead of "Are you ready for your bath?" [2].
• Speaking Too Slowly or Too Loudly: While some older adults may have hearing loss, excessively slow or loud speech can be perceived as patronizing and can actually distort sound, making it harder to understand [1].
• Assuming Lack of Understanding: Automatically assuming an older person hasn't understood something without verifying [1].

The Negative Impacts of Elderspeak

The consequences of elderspeak extend beyond simple annoyance. Consistent exposure to this type of communication can have significant negative effects on an older adult's psychological and physical well-being.

Psychological Effects

• Decreased Self-Esteem: Being consistently spoken to in a condescending manner can lead older adults to internalize negative stereotypes and feel less capable and valuable [3].
• Increased Dependency: Elderspeak can foster a sense of learned helplessness, making older adults feel more dependent on others even when they are capable of doing things for themselves [3].
• Increased Feelings of Isolation: Feeling devalued and disrespected can lead to social withdrawal, increasing feelings of loneliness and isolation [3].
• Higher Rates of Depression and Anxiety: The constant frustration and feeling of being patronized can contribute to mental health issues like depression and anxiety [3].

Behavioral and Physical Effects

• Resistance to Care: In healthcare or caregiving settings, elderspeak has been linked to increased resistance and non-cooperation from older adults, even in those with cognitive impairments [3]. They may refuse necessary assistance as a way to assert some control.
• Impact on Physical Health: The chronic stress and negative emotions associated with experiencing ageism and elderspeak can have long-term effects on physical health, potentially exacerbating existing conditions [3].

Communicating with Respect: Alternatives to Elderspeak

Shifting from elderspeak to respectful and effective communication involves being mindful and making conscious choices in how you interact with older adults. The goal is to treat each person as an individual with a lifetime of experience and wisdom.

Here are some strategies for fostering positive communication:

1. Use Their Preferred Name: Always ask how they prefer to be addressed and use that name or title consistently. This shows respect for their identity [2].
2. Speak in a Normal Tone and Pace: Avoid exaggerating your voice or speaking excessively slowly. Speak clearly and at a moderate volume. If they have hearing difficulties, speak a little louder, but don't shout or raise your pitch dramatically [1].
3. Listen Actively and Patiently: Give the older adult your full attention. Allow them ample time to formulate their thoughts and respond without interruption. Show genuine interest in what they are saying [1].
4. Avoid Assumptions Based on Age: Do not assume cognitive or physical limitations based solely on age. Tailor your communication to the individual's actual abilities and needs [1].
5. Engage in Meaningful Conversations: Discuss topics of interest to them, their life history, current events, or their experiences. Treat them as an equal partner in the conversation [2].
6. Explain and Clarify When Needed: If you need to explain something complex, do so clearly and check for understanding. You can gently ask them to repeat it back in their own words if necessary, a technique known as "teach-back" [7].
7. Consider the Environment: Minimize background noise and distractions to facilitate easier listening and understanding [7].

Promoting respectful communication benefits everyone involved, creating a more positive and empowering environment for older adults. It fosters stronger relationships and contributes to their overall well-being. By being mindful of our language and actively choosing to communicate with respect, we challenge ageist stereotypes and affirm the dignity of older individuals. For further information on this topic, the National Institute on Aging provides resources on effective communication with older adults [7].

Conclusion: Fostering Respectful Connections

Elderspeak is a common yet harmful communication pattern that reflects and perpetuates ageism. By understanding what elderspeak is, recognizing its characteristics, and being aware of its negative impacts, we can make a conscious effort to communicate with older adults in a respectful, dignified, and person-centered manner. Moving away from condescending and repetitive speech towards genuinely engaging and patient communication strengthens relationships, supports the well-being of seniors, and creates a more inclusive society for people of all ages.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is elderspeak always intentional?

No, elderspeak is often unintentional. It may stem from subconscious biases or well-meaning but misguided attempts to be helpful, though the negative impact remains [2].

What are common examples of elderspeak?

Examples include using terms like "honey" or "sweetie," asking "How are we feeling?" in a high-pitched voice, or unnecessarily repeating questions [1, 2].

How can I avoid using elderspeak?

Be mindful of your language, use a normal tone and pace, use the person's preferred name, listen actively, and engage in adult-to-adult conversations [1, 2].

How is elderspeak different from clear communication for hearing loss?

Clear communication for hearing loss involves speaking distinctly at a moderate volume without shouting or exaggerating pitch. Elderspeak involves condescending tones and distorted sounds [1].

How does elderspeak affect people with dementia?

Elderspeak can increase frustration, confusion, and resistance to care in individuals with dementia due to its infantilizing nature [3].

Can older people use elderspeak with each other?

While less common, it can occur, often towards peers perceived as more frail. However, older adults are generally aware of its negative nature [2, 5].

What are practical ways to communicate respectfully?

Use preferred names, speak naturally, be patient, listen actively, use visual aids if helpful, and treat them as a competent partner in conversation [1, 7].