The Groundbreaking 1986 Study
In 1986, in a pivotal paper published in the journal Language and Communication, researchers Gillian Cohen and Dorothy Faulkner formally introduced the word "elderspeak" to the world. Their research marked a significant moment in the fields of gerontology and sociolinguistics by drawing academic attention to a common but harmful communication pattern. They aimed to investigate whether the exaggerated prosody and simplified language used with older people actually improved comprehension or, in fact, had negative consequences. Their findings confirmed that far from being helpful, this communication style often has a negative impact.
The term filled a void by giving a name to a behavior that many people experienced or observed but had never been formally defined. This allowed for focused research and education on the topic, revealing the underlying assumptions and negative effects of this type of communication. The introduction of "elderspeak" brought a subtle form of ageism out of the shadows and into academic and public discourse, paving the way for decades of subsequent research into respectful and effective communication with older adults.
Unpacking the Characteristics of Elderspeak
Elderspeak is more than just speaking loudly; it is a complex communication style characterized by a cluster of patronizing behaviors. Many people, often with good intentions, use elderspeak believing it will help older adults who may have sensory or cognitive impairments. However, it is rooted in negative stereotypes and can be deeply disrespectful. Key characteristics include:
- Simplified language: Using shorter, less complex sentences and a limited vocabulary, as if speaking to a child.
- Patronizing tone: Employing a high-pitched, sing-song voice with exaggerated intonation and emphasis.
- Overly-endearing terms: Using infantilizing pet names like "sweetie," "honey," or "dearie," regardless of the relationship with the individual.
- Collective pronouns: Using "we" instead of "you," such as "Are we ready for our bath?" which can imply a lack of individual autonomy.
- Repetition: Repeating phrases or questions excessively, assuming the older adult did not understand the first time.
- Closed-ended questions: Posing questions that do not invite a free-form response, such as, "It's time to eat, right?".
The Psychology of Elderspeak: Benevolent Ageism
Psychologists and communication theorists have explored the motivations behind elderspeak, often linking it to a concept known as Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT). This theory suggests that people unconsciously adjust their speech to match their conversational partner's perceived abilities or social group. When applied to older adults, these accommodations can be misguided and excessive, leading to over-accommodation. The speaker may perceive the older adult as frail, dependent, or cognitively impaired, and their speech reflects these ageist stereotypes, even if they are trying to be helpful.
Elderspeak is a prime example of "benevolent ageism," a phenomenon where prejudicial attitudes are expressed in a seemingly positive or caring way. While the intention may be to show kindness, the underlying message is condescending. Dr. Marlene Krasovitsky, a consultant for the World Health Organization, has described how this form of ageism can diminish and devalue older adults, eroding their sense of autonomy. Research shows that many caregivers use elderspeak, and a 2004 study by Williams, Kemper, and Hummert highlighted the need to provide better communication training for healthcare professionals to overcome this habitual behavior.
Elderspeak vs. Respectful Communication
Understanding the distinction between elderspeak and genuinely supportive communication is essential for all caregivers, family members, and friends. The chart below contrasts the two approaches, highlighting the negative consequences of the former and the positive outcomes of the latter.
| Feature | Elderspeak | Respectful Communication |
|---|---|---|
| Tone | Patronizing, sing-song, overly cheerful | Normal, conversational, respectful of an adult's dignity |
| Vocabulary | Simplified, childish (e.g., "potty," "jammies") | Rich, age-appropriate, uses normal language |
| Terms of Address | Infantilizing pet names ("sweetie," "dearie") | Use of preferred name or formal title, based on relationship |
| Questioning | Closed-ended, leading questions | Open-ended questions to encourage free expression |
| Sentence Structure | Abbreviated, fragmented, overly simplistic | Clear, concise, full sentences adapted to individual needs |
| Underlying Assumption | Older person has reduced capacity; incompetence | Older person is competent, autonomous, and an individual |
The Harmful Impact on Self-Esteem and Health
When older adults are consistently exposed to elderspeak, it can have a profound negative impact on their psychological and physical well-being. Being spoken to in a condescending manner can lead to feelings of shame, incompetence, and reduced self-worth. Research has demonstrated several harmful consequences:
- Internalized Ageism: Repeated exposure to elderspeak can cause older adults to internalize the negative stereotypes, which can damage their self-esteem and lead to a more negative self-perception.
- Reduced Cognitive Functioning: The simplified nature of elderspeak can actually decrease comprehension rather than aid it. The slow, exaggerated tone can be more confusing and insulting than helpful.
- Resistance to Care: In healthcare settings, elderspeak has been linked to increased resistance to care among older adults with cognitive impairment.
- Social Isolation and Depression: Feeling infantilized and disrespected can lead to social withdrawal and feelings of depression, impacting an older adult's quality of life.
Fostering Respectful and Effective Communication
Promoting respectful communication with older adults begins with awareness and a shift in perspective. Instead of making assumptions based on age, it is crucial to adopt a person-centered approach that honors the individual's history, capabilities, and preferences. Here are some strategies for effective intergenerational communication:
- Use Active Listening: Engage fully in the conversation and pay attention to what the person is saying. This helps tailor your communication to their actual needs rather than your assumptions.
- Speak Clearly, Not Loudly or Slowly: Most older adults with hearing loss benefit from clear speech and moderate pacing, not shouting or exaggerated slowness.
- Treat the Person as an Individual: Address the older adult by their preferred name and respect their autonomy. Avoid infantilizing nicknames unless specifically requested.
- Be Mindful of Non-Verbal Cues: Looming over someone in a wheelchair or using dominant gestures can be as disrespectful as verbal elderspeak. Maintain a respectful physical space.
- Paraphrase and Repeat When Needed: Rather than repeating the exact same phrase, rephrase your meaning in different words if the person indicates they didn't understand. This is a more effective way to aid comprehension.
For more information on the academic framework behind why people adjust their speech patterns, you can read about Communication Accommodation Theory on Wikipedia.
Conclusion
While the term "elderspeak" was officially coined by Cohen and Faulkner in 1986, the communication pattern it describes is far older. Giving this phenomenon a name was a crucial step toward recognizing it as a form of ageism. By understanding the origins and characteristics of elderspeak, we can challenge our own unconscious biases and work toward fostering more respectful and meaningful communication with the older adults in our lives. The goal is to see and communicate with every individual based on their unique identity and capabilities, not on their age.
