From 'Vulnerable' to 'At Risk': A Crucial Shift in Language
The term 'vulnerable adult' was historically used in legal and policy contexts for individuals needing safeguarding. However, it was viewed as potentially stigmatizing and disempowering. The concern was that this label focused on an individual's perceived weaknesses rather than their situation or rights.
To address this, the Care Act 2014 introduced new terminology and a person-centered philosophy for adult safeguarding. This shift emphasizes individual rights and empowers people to make their own decisions while ensuring protection when needed.
The New Terminology: Defining 'Adults at Risk'
Under the Care Act 2014, safeguarding duties apply to an adult if they meet these criteria:
- They have care and support needs.
- They are experiencing, or are at risk of, abuse or neglect.
- Due to their care and support needs, they cannot protect themselves from abuse or neglect.
This definition centers on the circumstances of risk rather than an inherent personal characteristic. Common terms used reflecting this framework include:
- Adult at risk: A frequent replacement in safeguarding procedures.
- Adult at risk of harm: A more specific term used in some areas.
- Adult with care and support needs: Describes the individual's need for assistance without specifically referencing risk.
This updated language reframes safeguarding to focus on external factors and situations that create risk, encouraging a proactive and preventative approach.
The Six Principles of Adult Safeguarding
The Care Act 2014 also established six core principles for adult safeguarding, applicable across all relevant sectors:
- Empowerment: Supporting individuals to make decisions and give informed consent.
- Prevention: Taking action to prevent harm before it occurs.
- Proportionality: Using the least intrusive response necessary.
- Protection: Providing support and representation for those most in need.
- Partnership: Collaborative local solutions involving services and communities.
- Accountability: Ensuring transparency and accountability in safeguarding.
These principles prioritize an individual's well-being and rights, creating a supportive environment for safe living.
Comparison: Old vs. New Terminology
| Feature | Old Term: 'Vulnerable Adult' | New Term: 'Adult at Risk' / 'Adult with Care Needs' |
|---|---|---|
| Focus | On the individual's inherent weakness or deficit. | On the circumstances creating risk. |
| Language | Labeling and potentially stigmatizing. | Person-centered and empowering. |
| Safeguarding Scope | Often reactive, intervening after harm occurred. | Proactive and preventative, addressing risks early. |
| Primary Goal | To protect from risk. | To support individuals to manage risks and make choices. |
| Decision-Making | Can be paternalistic, with professionals deciding. | Emphasizes individual empowerment and self-determination. |
Who is an 'Adult at Risk'? Examples and Signs of Abuse
An adult at risk is defined by their situation and needs according to the Care Act, not by a demographic. This can include individuals who are older, have disabilities, mental health issues, or substance misuse problems. Recognizing signs of abuse (physical, sexual, psychological, financial, discriminatory, or institutional) or neglect is vital. Common indicators include unexplained injuries, behavioral changes, financial irregularities, poor hygiene, or untreated medical issues.
If you have concerns, report them to the local authority's Adult Social Services or a safeguarding helpline. In emergencies, contact the police.
What to Do If You Suspect Abuse or Neglect
Taking action when you have concerns is crucial. The typical process involves:
- Reporting concerns to the local authority or helpline.
- Providing detailed information about the situation.
- Ensuring your safety and the safety of the adult.
- Understanding that your information may be used in an investigation, with potential for identity protection.
The initial step is an enquiry to assess if abuse or neglect has occurred and determine necessary safeguarding actions, always keeping the individual at the center.
The Role of the Care Act in Modern Safeguarding
The Care Act 2014 is fundamental to modern adult safeguarding in England. It promotes 'Making Safeguarding Personal' (MSP), focusing on the individual's desired outcomes. The Act mandates local authorities to establish Safeguarding Adults Boards (SABs) to coordinate strategies with other agencies, ensuring a unified response to abuse and neglect.
The current focus on an individual's needs and risk circumstances represents the standard in safeguarding. For detailed information on the legislation, consult resources like the Social Care Institute for Excellence (SCIE) guide on the Care Act.
Conclusion
The transition from 'vulnerable adult' to 'adult at risk' or 'adult with care and support needs' is a significant advancement in care and safeguarding. This reflects a commitment to person-centered care, respect, and empowerment. By focusing on external risk factors instead of perceived weaknesses, the terminology emphasizes dignity and autonomy. The approach outlined in the Care Act 2014 promotes a proactive, collaborative, and less intrusive method for protecting those in need, highlighting that safeguarding is a collective responsibility.
