Who defined ageism? Tracing the term back to Robert Butler

In a 2022 survey of American adults aged 50 to 80, over 93% reported regularly experiencing everyday ageism. This insidious form of prejudice, defined and named by gerontologist Dr. Robert N. Butler, has deep roots in modern society. The term 'ageism' was coined by Butler in 1968 to describe the systematic stereotyping and discrimination against people because they are old.

Quick Summary

This article explores how Dr. Robert N. Butler coined the term ageism in the late 1960s to describe a three-part societal problem encompassing attitudes, practices, and institutional policies. It delves into his original motivation and expanded definition, details different types of ageism, and explains why this prejudice persists. The piece also compares ageism with other forms of discrimination and discusses strategies to combat it.

Key Points

• Term Coined by Robert Butler: The American gerontologist and psychiatrist defined ageism in 1968, drawing comparisons to racism and sexism during the Civil Rights movement.

• Three Key Elements: Butler’s original definition included prejudicial attitudes toward older people, discriminatory practices, and institutional policies that perpetuate stereotypes.

• Expansion of the Definition: While initially focused on older adults, the term 'ageism' is now also used to describe prejudice and discrimination against younger people.

• Comparison with other 'isms': Unlike racism and sexism, ageism is often overlooked, socially condoned, and is a prejudice that anyone may one day experience and even self-direct.

• Pervasive Social Effects: Ageism is widespread in the workplace, healthcare, and media, negatively impacting mental health, physical well-being, and job opportunities.

• Strategies for Combating Ageism: Addressing ageism requires legal protections, public education campaigns, and intergenerational interventions to foster empathy and counter negative stereotypes.

• Positive Aging and Longevity: Research shows that individuals with positive attitudes toward aging tend to live longer, healthier lives, highlighting the severe consequences of internalized ageism.

Robert Butler: Coining the Term 'Ageism'

Dr. Robert N. Butler, an American physician, psychiatrist, and gerontologist, is credited with coining the term "ageism". He first used the word in 1968 during an interview with the Washington Post, where he discussed community opposition to housing for older low-income residents and compared the negative attitudes towards older people to racism and sexism. This marked a significant moment in the fields of gerontology and social justice.

Butler formally defined ageism in a 1969 paper. He further explored the concept in his 1975 book, Why Survive? Being Old in America, which helped raise public awareness. As the founding director of the National Institute on Aging (NIA), Butler was a key figure in advocating for the rights of the elderly and advancing the study of aging.

Butler's Three-Part Definition

Robert Butler's initial definition of ageism included three interconnected elements: prejudicial attitudes, discriminatory practices, and institutional policies that disadvantage individuals due to their age. This definition emphasized that ageism is a systemic issue.

The Evolution of the Definition

The definition of ageism has broadened over time to include prejudice against younger individuals as well, as recognized by organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO). This expanded view highlights that ageism is rooted in prejudice based on chronological age rather than individual characteristics and affects people across the lifespan, creating divisions between generations.

Comparing Ageism to Other Forms of Discrimination

Comparing ageism to other forms of bigotry like racism and sexism, as Butler did, reveals both similarities and differences. Unlike racism and sexism, ageism is a prejudice anyone may one day experience and even self-direct, and it is often overlooked or considered socially acceptable.

The Pervasiveness and Effects of Ageism

Ageist attitudes are widespread and have significant negative consequences. The WHO identifies ageism as a global issue with substantial health and economic impacts.

• Health and well-being: Positive perceptions of aging are linked to longer lifespans, while internalized ageism can worsen health outcomes and increase risks of depression.
• Workplace: Age discrimination is common in the workplace, resulting in significant economic costs.
• Social Isolation: Ageist stereotypes can lead to social exclusion.
• Media and Communication: Negative portrayals of older adults in media contribute to ageist beliefs.

Countering Ageism: Strategies for Change

Combating ageism is vital for a more equitable society. Strategies include policy and law, education and awareness, intergenerational interventions, and language and media.

Conclusion

Dr. Robert Butler's coinage and definition of "ageism" were crucial steps in recognizing and addressing this form of prejudice. The understanding of ageism has evolved to include prejudice against younger people as well. Ageism has far-reaching negative effects on health, economic security, and social well-being across all ages. Addressing this systemic problem requires a multifaceted approach. The work inspired by Butler continues, aiming for a society where individuals are valued for their humanity and contributions at every age, challenging the biases that perpetuate ageism.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the origin of the term 'ageism'?

The term 'ageism' was coined by Dr. Robert N. Butler, a gerontologist and psychiatrist, during a 1968 interview. He later formally defined it in a 1969 paper, drawing parallels between prejudice against older people and the civil rights struggles against racism and sexism.

How did Robert Butler define ageism?

Robert Butler defined ageism as a combination of three elements: prejudicial attitudes toward older people and the aging process, discriminatory practices against them, and institutional policies that perpetuate stereotypes about elderly people.

Does ageism only affect older people?

While the term was originally used to describe prejudice against older adults, the definition of ageism has expanded. It now encompasses discrimination against any age group, including young people, who might face prejudice for being seen as inexperienced or naive.

What are some examples of ageism in society?

Ageism manifests in many ways, such as employers passing over older candidates for jobs, media portraying older adults as frail or helpless, healthcare professionals dismissing patient concerns as 'just part of getting old,' and infantilizing language like calling an adult a 'sweetie' or 'honey'.

Can older people be ageist toward themselves?

Yes, older people can internalize negative stereotypes about aging, a phenomenon known as self-directed ageism. This can manifest as anxiety, depression, and a belief that they are less capable, which can impact their health and longevity.

Is ageism more accepted than other forms of discrimination?

Studies and experts suggest that ageism is often more socially condoned or overlooked than other forms of prejudice, like racism or sexism.

What is the opposite of ageism?

The opposite of ageism is often referred to as age-inclusivity or fostering an age-friendly environment. These concepts promote positive and respectful attitudes toward all ages and actively work against stereotypes.