What Happens During Tanner Stage 5?
In the Tanner scale, or sexual maturity rating (SMR), Stage 5 represents the completion of physical and sexual maturation associated with puberty. This means that the body has reached its adult size and shape, though minor developments can still occur. While the rapid, noticeable changes of earlier stages have subsided, the body is now settling into its mature form.
For males, this stage typically occurs in the mid-to-late teenage years, between 16 and 20. The genitalia have reached their adult size and shape, and pubic hair has spread to the inner thighs. Facial hair becomes more prominent, though it may not reach its full density until later. Height growth is generally complete by this stage, as the bone growth plates have fused. A very small percentage of individuals may experience minor growth into their early 20s, but this is an exception rather than the rule. Muscle mass continues to increase, and the voice fully deepens.
For females, Tanner Stage 5 typically occurs around age 14 to 16, though a range of 14-18 is also common. The breasts have reached their mature, adult form, with the areola receding to the contour of the breast. Pubic hair has spread to the inner thighs in an adult, triangular pattern. Height growth has mostly ceased, with most girls reaching their adult height by 16, though some may grow slightly into their early 20s. Menstrual cycles are likely to be regular by this stage.
The Science Behind Stalled Growth
The primary reason for the end of height growth in Tanner Stage 5 is the fusion of the growth plates, also known as epiphyseal plates. Located at the ends of long bones, these cartilage areas are responsible for lengthening the bones during childhood and puberty. Hormonal changes during puberty cause these plates to gradually harden and fuse, a process known as epiphyseal fusion. Once the growth plates close, the bones can no longer get longer, and vertical growth stops.
Here's a breakdown of the process:
- Early Puberty: Growth plates are active and widening, fueled by hormones. This leads to a rapid increase in height during the growth spurt, which peaks before Tanner Stage 5.
- Late Puberty (leading to Stage 5): The high levels of sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen) signal the growth plates to begin fusing. The cartilage is replaced by solid bone.
- Tanner Stage 5: The growth plates are fully fused and closed. While some minor height fluctuations may occur due to spinal compression and decompression throughout the day, significant vertical growth is no longer possible.
Comparison of Growth Progression by Tanner Stage
| Feature | Tanner Stage 3 | Tanner Stage 4 | Tanner Stage 5 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Timing (Males) | Age 13-14 | Age 13-14 | Age 15-17 |
| Timing (Females) | Age 12 | Age 13 | Age 14-16 |
| Height Growth | Peak growth spurt (up to 3-4 inches/year). | Continued, but slowing, growth. Peak growth spurt often occurs in this stage for males. | Growth is nearly or completely finished. Minor height increase is possible but rare. |
| Sexual Maturation | Active development continues. For males, deepening voice and increased genitalia size. For females, further breast and pubic hair development. | Advanced development. For males, significant genital growth. For females, breast tissue forms secondary mound. | Mature, adult genitalia and breasts. Regular menstruation established in females. |
| Bone Growth | Rapid bone lengthening occurring at growth plates. | Growth plates begin to slow down and prepare for fusion. | Growth plates have fused. No further lengthening of long bones is possible. |
Factors Influencing Late Growth
While Tanner Stage 5 marks the end of most growth, a few factors can influence whether any minor increase in height might still occur:
- Genetics: Family history is a strong predictor of growth. If your family members grew taller later in their teenage years or early twenties, there might be a higher chance you could, too.
- Delayed Puberty: Some individuals, known as “late bloomers,” start puberty later than their peers. In these cases, the growth process is simply on a delayed timeline. They may enter Tanner Stage 5 at a later age, but will eventually reach their adult height, which is often within the normal range.
- Medical Conditions: Certain chronic illnesses, nutritional deficiencies, or hormonal disorders can affect growth and the timing of puberty. In some rare cases, this can lead to a slightly longer or delayed growth period.
- Overall Health: Proper nutrition and adequate sleep during the teenage years are essential for maximizing genetic growth potential. Deficiencies can potentially impact the final adult height.
- Bone Maturity: A bone age X-ray can be used by a healthcare provider to determine if the growth plates have fused. This gives a clearer picture of whether any growth is still possible. For most individuals in Tanner Stage 5, this test would show fused plates, confirming the end of height growth.
Conclusion
While the desire for additional height is common, especially among those who feel they haven't reached their full potential, it is highly unlikely to experience significant growth in Tanner Stage 5. This final phase of puberty signifies the closing of the growth plates and the completion of vertical growth. While minor increases or growth delays are possible under specific circumstances, the reality for most is that their adult height has been reached. Focusing on overall health, a balanced diet, and positive body image during this transitional time is more constructive than fixating on height. Any specific concerns about growth or puberty should be discussed with a healthcare professional, who can provide a personalized assessment. For more information on adolescent development, consider resources like the Cleveland Clinic or other authoritative health websites.
