Understanding the Low Air Loss System
Before you begin operating the system, it's important to understand its key components. A low air loss mattress is a medical device comprised of two primary parts: the mattress and the pump, also known as the blower unit.
- The Mattress: Consists of multiple air bladders or cells. Some models feature a series of horizontal air tubes, while more advanced versions have individual, interconnected cells. Air is continuously pumped through tiny laser-cut holes in the top surface, creating a microclimate that helps wick away moisture from the patient's skin.
- The Pump/Blower Unit: This is the control center for the entire system. It connects to the mattress via hoses and contains the air compressor, control panel, and various sensors and alarms. It regulates air pressure and often offers different therapy modes.
Step-by-Step Mattress Setup
Setting up the mattress correctly is the first and most crucial step. Follow these instructions carefully to ensure the system functions properly and safely.
- Placement: Place the deflated mattress on the bed frame. Ensure the head and foot ends are correctly oriented and that the inflation hoses are at the foot of the bed, away from the patient's head.
- Secure the Pump: Hang the pump unit on the footboard of the bed using the integrated hooks. Make sure it is securely fastened and will not be easily knocked over.
- Connect Hoses: Attach the air hoses from the mattress to the corresponding nozzles on the pump. Ensure the connections are tight and secure to prevent air leakage. Hoses often have a secure twist-lock or snap-on mechanism.
- Power On: Plug the pump's power cord into a grounded electrical outlet. Many units will have an indicator light showing power is connected. Flip the main power switch to the 'ON' position.
- Initial Inflation (Auto Firm): Many modern low air loss mattresses have an 'Auto Firm' or 'Max Inflate' button. Press this button to rapidly inflate the mattress to its firmest setting. This is ideal for transfers and for ensuring the mattress is fully inflated before the patient is placed on it. Wait for the 'Normal Pressure' indicator light to illuminate, which can take 20 to 45 minutes.
Mastering the Control Panel
The control panel is where you will manage the mattress's therapeutic functions. While specific controls may vary by model, the most common functions are outlined below.
Power Switch
The simple On/Off button controls the entire unit. It's essential to keep the unit on at all times when the patient is on the mattress to ensure consistent therapy.
Pressure Adjustment
This dial or digital control allows you to fine-tune the air pressure according to the patient's weight and comfort. Higher weight requires higher pressure, while lighter patients need less. The goal is to set the pressure so the patient does not 'bottom out', meaning their body does not press all the way through the air bladders to the firm bed base below. A good rule of thumb is to feel for at least an inch of air support under the patient's pelvic area.
Therapy Modes
- Alternating Pressure (AP): This mode cycles the inflation and deflation of individual air cells on a timer (e.g., 10 minutes). This constant motion relieves pressure from different parts of the body, stimulating blood flow. A common setting is the default mode for most units.
- Static Mode: This mode keeps all air cells inflated to a constant pressure. It is used during transfers, repositioning, or for patients who cannot tolerate the movement of the alternating pressure mode. Remember to switch back to alternating pressure after use.
Alarm System
Most units feature audible and visual alarms to alert caregivers of potential issues. Beeps or flashing lights can indicate:
- Low Pressure: The most common alarm, signaling a loss of air. Check connections, hoses, and for potential leaks.
- Power Failure: The unit has lost power. Follow proper power failure procedures.
CPR Release
This quick-release function is a critical safety feature for medical emergencies. The CPR valve, usually a red tab or lever located near the air hoses at the foot of the mattress, can be pulled to rapidly deflate the mattress. This creates a firm surface for CPR and other interventions. Always be aware of its location.
Low Air Loss vs. Alternating Pressure Comparison
Low air loss and alternating pressure are two distinct therapeutic concepts that are often combined in a single mattress system. Here is a quick comparison:
| Feature | Low Air Loss | Alternating Pressure |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Function | Moisture and temperature management | Pressure redistribution |
| Mechanism | Constant flow of air escapes through tiny holes | Cyclical inflation/deflation of air cells |
| Benefit | Keeps skin dry, reducing risk of maceration | Relieves pressure points, improving circulation |
| Patient Sensation | Subtle flow of air | Rhythmic, wave-like movement |
| Purpose | Prevents skin breakdown from excess moisture | Prevents skin breakdown from constant pressure |
Essential Maintenance and Troubleshooting
Proper maintenance ensures the longevity of the equipment and the safety of the patient. Regular checks can prevent most common issues.
Routine Checks
- Daily: Check the mattress pressure to ensure it is appropriate for the patient's weight and comfort level. Also, ensure all hoses are securely connected.
- Weekly: Inspect the mattress cover for any tears or damage. A damaged cover can compromise the system's function and hygiene. Wipe the pump and mattress with a mild disinfectant.
- Monthly: Check and clean the pump's air filter. A clogged filter can overwork the motor and cause the system to fail. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for cleaning.
Troubleshooting Guide
- Low-Pressure Alarm: First, check all hose connections for tightness. If they are secure, inspect the CPR valve to ensure it is properly sealed. Listen for any hiss of escaping air, which could indicate a puncture. If a leak is found, contact your medical equipment supplier for repair or replacement.
- Patient Bottoming Out: If you notice the patient's body is sinking too far, increase the pressure setting on the control panel. Confirm there is at least an inch of air support under their heaviest areas.
- Power Failure: In a power outage, the mattress will begin to deflate. Most mattresses can retain air for a period of time. If a power outage occurs, disconnect the hoses and cap them if possible, or follow the manufacturer's specific instructions. When power is restored, re-inflate the mattress immediately using the 'Auto Firm' function.
Conclusion: Effective Care is Hands-On
Learning how to operate a low air loss mattress is an essential part of providing high-quality care that proactively prevents pressure ulcers and promotes patient comfort. The process is straightforward, but requires attention to detail during setup and operation. By understanding the controls, performing routine maintenance, and knowing how to troubleshoot, caregivers can confidently manage this critical piece of medical equipment. For more detailed information on specific models, always consult the manufacturer's manual or refer to educational resources from a trusted source, such as the National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAP).
