The Importance of Person-First Language
Language shapes perception, and the words we use to describe aging individuals can either reinforce negative stereotypes or promote dignity and respect. The movement toward person-first language in healthcare and social contexts emphasizes an individual's humanity over their condition or age. Instead of defining someone solely by their age, terms like "older person" or "older adult" frame age as one characteristic among many, not the defining feature.
Why "Older Person" Is Preferable
Many authoritative sources, including the American Medical Association (AMA), the American Psychological Association (APA), and the Gerontological Society of America, endorse and recommend the use of "older person," "older adult," or "older individual". This preference is based on several key principles:
- Neutrality: Unlike terms such as "elderly" or "aged," which often carry negative connotations of frailty, dependency, or illness, "older person" is a neutral, descriptive term. It simply states a person's age relative to a younger population without adding judgment.
- Accuracy: Aging is a diverse experience. An 85-year-old active marathon runner and an 85-year-old with multiple chronic conditions are both older, but defining them with a single, potentially loaded term is inaccurate and misleading. "Older person" provides a broad, accurate category without implying a specific state of health or ability.
- Individuality: It places the person before their age, aligning with person-centered care principles. This linguistic choice subtly reinforces that the individual's identity is more than just their chronological years.
Outdated and Problematic Terminology
Certain terms once common are now considered outdated or even offensive by many older people and experts in aging. Understanding why these terms are discouraged is crucial for promoting age-inclusive communication.
- "The elderly": This is a particularly problematic term. It generalizes a vast, diverse population into a single, often stereotypical group. Using "the" before a group implies they are a homogenous entity, often with negative implications.
- "Seniors" or "senior citizens": While these terms are still widely used, they can be polarizing. Some older people find them acceptable, especially in institutional contexts like "senior centers". However, others associate these terms with dependence, entitlement, or an arbitrary, separate social class. The National Institute on Aging advises against their use in formal writing.
- "Geriatric": This term should be reserved for the medical specialty of geriatrics and not used to describe individuals or groups. A person is not "geriatric"; they are an "older patient" under geriatric care.
- Euphemisms: Phrases like "of a certain age" can be condescending, suggesting there is something shameful about being older.
The Spectrum of Respectful Language
Respectful communication about aging isn't a one-size-fits-all approach. The best term often depends on the context and, most importantly, the preference of the individual.
Best Practices for Using Respectful Language
- Ask for preferences: When possible, ask an individual how they prefer to be addressed. Their name is always the most respectful option.
- Be specific: If age is relevant, use specific age ranges (e.g., "adults aged 75 to 84") instead of vague labels.
- Use neutral, person-first language: In general, refer to "older adults," "older people," or an "older person" for clarity and respect.
- Avoid stereotypes: Do not associate older age with physical or cognitive decline. Frame aging as a normal, natural part of life.
- Focus on abilities: Highlight strengths and abilities, not just limitations, when discussing an individual's health or lifestyle.
Comparing Different Terms for Aging
| Term | Connotation | Acceptability | Best Use Case |
|---|---|---|---|
| Older person/adult | Neutral, respectful, person-first | High | General communication, medical and academic writing |
| Elderly | Negative, implies frailty or decline | Low | Generally avoided due to ageist connotations |
| Seniors/Senior citizens | Mixed (some accept, some dislike) | Medium | Context-specific, often used in commercial or institutional settings |
| Geriatric | Clinical, medical | Low (in general conversation) | Strictly for medical contexts, referring to the specialty or care |
| The aged | Stereotypical, implies a homogenous group | Low | Strictly avoided |
The Bigger Picture: Combating Ageism
Beyond just choosing the right words, the shift in language is a powerful tool for combating ageism, or discrimination based on age. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations have declared a Decade of Healthy Ageing (2021–2030) and recognize that combating ageism is a key part of improving health and well-being for older adults. The language we use has a ripple effect on policy, healthcare, and everyday social interactions. Choosing inclusive, respectful terminology is an active step toward changing societal attitudes about aging for the better.
For more in-depth guidance on framing and communicating about aging, the National Institute on Aging provides excellent resources.
Conclusion: A Conscious Choice
Choosing the right language when referring to older individuals is not just about political correctness—it's about demonstrating respect and acknowledging the dignity of every person. While terms and preferences continue to evolve, the consensus among experts and many in the aging population is clear: "older person" and "older adult" are preferred, person-first options. Avoiding outdated and stereotypical labels like "elderly" helps to dismantle ageist attitudes and foster a more inclusive society where aging is seen not as a burden to be overcome, but as a natural, vital part of the human experience. By making a conscious effort to use thoughtful, respectful language, we contribute to a healthier, more positive perception of aging for everyone.
