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How effective is the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in the elderly?

According to a 2023 meta-analysis, the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) showed a pooled effectiveness of 45% against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in adults over 60, but only 18% against pneumococcal pneumonia. Understanding how effective is the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in the elderly is crucial, as its protection varies by age, health status, and the specific disease outcome.