The Evolving Language of Aging
Our vocabulary for describing the older population has changed significantly over time, reflecting shifts in societal attitudes and increased longevity. Historically, phrases like 'the elderly' or 'senior citizen' were common, but many now consider them impersonal or stigmatizing. The evolution of language is a direct result of older adults pushing back against outdated and discriminatory ageist views. Organizations like the American Medical Association (AMA) and the Associated Press (AP) have updated their style guides to promote more respectful and neutral language, signaling a broader cultural change. As the baby boomer generation enters later life, they are reshaping expectations and challenging traditional notions of what it means to be 'old,' further driving this shift in terminology.
Preferred and Inclusive Terms
For most general and formal writing, experts recommend using more descriptive and person-centered language. These terms are considered more inclusive and less prone to stereotyping:
- Older Adults: This is a widely accepted, neutral, and inclusive term endorsed by leading style guides and organizations focused on aging. It is broad enough to apply to the diverse experiences of people aged 65 and older without relying on a potentially stigmatizing label.
- Older Persons or Older People: Similar to 'older adults,' this phrasing is respectful and emphasizes the person before their age.
- Mature Adults: Some people prefer this term, as it can feel less like a label and more like a stage of life, though it is less commonly used in formal contexts.
- Elders: In certain cultural contexts, 'elder' can carry a sense of deep respect and reverence, signifying wisdom and experience within a family or community. It is important to consider cultural background when using this term.
Terms to Avoid or Use with Caution
While once common, some terms are now largely considered outdated, condescending, or inaccurate and should be used with care:
- The Elderly: Many consider this term dehumanizing and prone to negative stereotyping, as it groups a highly diverse population into a single, generic category.
- Senior Citizen: This term was originally coined to respectfully identify those eligible for benefits but is now often seen as out of touch, carrying a stigma of charity for some. Many prefer not to be referred to as a 'citizen' of a certain age group.
- Golden Agers: While intended to be positive, this phrase is often perceived as condescending and overly sentimental.
- Super Adult: While a survey noted this term has caught some traction, it is still not widely accepted and can sound overly-cutesy.
Individual Preference and Context Matters
Ultimately, the best term to use depends heavily on the specific context and, most importantly, the individual's personal preference. A person may embrace being called a 'senior' in one situation, such as claiming a discount, but prefer 'older adult' in a formal conversation. Using respectful, person-first language is always the best approach. When in doubt, ask. It is always better to be specific and refer to a person by their name or age rather than a broad, generic term.
Addressing the Diversity of the Aging Population
Just as we would not group all younger adults into a single demographic, it is inappropriate to do so for older people. Gerontologists recognize the vast differences among people in their later years, and have developed sub-groupings to better reflect these variations. A person who is 65 is likely in a very different life stage than someone who is 95. These categories include:
- The Young-Old: Typically defined as 65 to 79 years old, this group is often healthy, active, and independent.
- The Middle-Old: Generally referring to those between 80 and 89.
- The Oldest-Old or Very Old: These are individuals aged 90 and above, who may face greater health challenges and dependency.
By acknowledging these distinctions, we can provide a more accurate and respectful portrayal of the aging experience rather than relying on a single, monolithic label.
Terminology Comparison for Different Contexts
| Term | General Perception | Formal Context | Causal Context |
|---|---|---|---|
| Older Adult | Neutral, respectful, inclusive | Excellent Choice | Good, if slightly formal |
| Senior | Okay, but increasingly outdated; can be associated with discounts | Use with caution, depending on audience | Common, but personal preference varies |
| Elderly | Negative, othering, and stereotypical | Avoid | Avoid |
| Senior Citizen | Outdated, often carries negative or institutional connotations | Use with caution; often not preferred | Avoid |
| Mature Adult | Neutral, but less common than 'older adult' | Acceptable | Good |
| Elder | Respectful, but can be culturally dependent | Acceptable, if culturally appropriate | Can be used respectfully |
How to Choose the Right Term
Here are some best practices for selecting appropriate language when discussing or referring to older individuals:
- Use person-first language: This approach emphasizes the person, not their age or condition. For example, say "a person with dementia" instead of "a dementia patient."
- Be specific with age ranges: If relevant, use specific age ranges to avoid broad generalizations, such as "people aged 75 to 84 years".
- Consider the context: In a marketing campaign for a senior discount, using the term "senior" might be acceptable, but in an article discussing health challenges, a more neutral term like "older adult" is preferable.
- Emphasize positive attributes: Instead of focusing on decline, frame aging as a natural process. Phrases like "years of experience" or "wisdom" can respectfully acknowledge age.
- Listen to individual preferences: If you know someone's preferred term, use it. Individual comfort and respect should always be the guiding principles.
Conclusion: Respect Over Labels
When considering what are seniors called, it is clear that there is no one-size-fits-all answer. As societal views on aging evolve, so too does our language. The shift towards inclusive, person-centered terms like 'older adults' is a positive step toward combating ageism and promoting respect. By understanding the context and individual preferences, we can use language that affirms the dignity and value of every person, regardless of their age.
Visit The Senior List for more on how older Americans view common labels
