The Importance of Respectful Terminology
Language shapes perception, and the words used to describe the later years of life have a profound impact on how older adults are viewed in society. Outdated or loaded terms can perpetuate ageism, a form of discrimination based on age that can negatively affect an individual's health and well-being. For this reason, professional organizations like the National Institute on Aging (NIA) and the American Psychological Association (APA) have issued guidelines promoting person-first and specific language. Using terms like “older adults” instead of generalizations like “the elderly” or “seniors” acknowledges the individuality and diversity within this large population group. Choosing the right words can help foster a more inclusive and accurate understanding of aging.
Understanding the Stages of Late Adulthood
While late adulthood is a broad term, it encompasses a wide range of experiences and capabilities. For greater clarity, gerontologists—scientists who study aging—have divided this life stage into smaller, more descriptive phases. These distinctions help paint a more accurate picture of a person's life and health, rather than lumping everyone over a certain age into a single category.
Young-Old, Middle-Old, and Oldest-Old
Gerontologists have proposed a subdivision of late adulthood to better describe the varied conditions of people as they age. A common model includes:
- Young-old (ages 65-74): Individuals in this group are often still very active, healthy, and independent. Many are newly retired and pursuing new hobbies, travel, or volunteer work, often living a life referred to as the "third age".
- Middle-old (ages 75-84): This group may begin to experience more noticeable age-related physical and mental changes. While many remain independent, they may face more chronic health issues.
- Oldest-old (ages 85+): This group is the fastest-growing segment of the older adult population and often experiences significant frailty, increased health issues, and greater dependence on others for daily activities. They are sometimes referred to as being in the "fourth age".
The "Third Age" and "Fourth Age" Concepts
The concepts of the "third age" and "fourth age" emerged to reflect the different realities within the later years of life. The "third age" is a period of active retirement and personal fulfillment, following the first age of childhood and the second age of work and parenting. It represents a new stage of life with opportunities for leisure and self-realization. Conversely, the "fourth age" is characterized by declining health, increased dependence, and frailty. This distinction is important because it avoids oversimplifying the aging process and recognizes the varying trajectories individuals follow.
Academic and Clinical Terms in Gerontology
In academic and medical settings, specific terminology is used to define aspects of aging. These terms help professionals accurately describe and study the processes and challenges associated with getting older.
Gerontology vs. Geriatrics
It's important to understand the difference between gerontology and geriatrics, two fields focused on aging:
- Gerontology is the broader scientific study of the biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging. It is a multi-disciplinary field that includes research, social services, and public policy.
- Geriatrics is a specialized branch of medicine focused specifically on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and disabilities in older adults. A geriatrician is a physician who is board-certified in this medical specialty.
Social and Cultural Perceptions of Aging
Cultural attitudes significantly influence the terms used to describe later life. While many Western societies have been historically youth-centered, leading to ageism, other cultures have traditionally held older adults in high esteem for their wisdom and experience. These different perspectives shape the social fabric and affect how older people are integrated into society. For example, some traditions emphasize collective responsibility and intergenerational bonds, framing aging as a moral and social presence. This contrasts with the Western emphasis on individual autonomy and independence.
Respectful Language: What to Use and What to Avoid
To combat ageism, it's essential to use thoughtful and respectful language. Organizations like the NIA provide clear guidance on preferred terminology.
Preferred Terminology
- Older adults: This is the most widely recommended and neutral term.
- Older people/persons: Another acceptable and respectful alternative.
- Persons aged 65 and older: When more specificity is needed, reference a specific age range.
- Decade-specific terms: If a specific age is relevant, terms like octogenarian (80-89) or centenarian (100+) can be used.
Terms to Avoid
- The elderly: This term can be seen as stereotyping and is generally discouraged.
- Seniors / Senior citizens: These are not consistently defined age groups and can carry negative connotations. They are best avoided unless an individual or organization specifies a preference.
- The aged: An "othering" term that reinforces stereotypes.
- Senile: An outdated and inaccurate term related to cognitive decline; use "dementia" or specify the type of dementia instead.
Comparing Terminology: Academic vs. Common Usage
| Term | Academic Definition | Common Usage and Connotations |
|---|---|---|
| Older Adults | Preferred, neutral, and inclusive term for persons typically aged 65+. | Increasingly used and accepted as the most respectful, general term. |
| Late Adulthood | A developmental stage, often starting around 65+, as defined in psychology and gerontology. | Less common in casual conversation; generally understood in educational or professional contexts. |
| The Elderly | Discouraged due to its stereotyping and "othering" nature. | Still used by some, but increasingly recognized as dated and potentially disrespectful. |
| Senior Citizens | Not uniformly recognized; can refer to varying age groups depending on context (e.g., discounts, policies). | Widely used, but seen as a generic, potentially ageist term by many. Better to use "older adults" unless a specific person or group prefers it. |
| Third Age / Fourth Age | Sociological concepts defining phases of later life based on activity and health. | Used mainly in gerontology and specialized discussions about aging. |
Key Transitions in Later Life
Later life is often a period of significant transitions, including both positive and challenging changes. Understanding these shifts is a critical part of aging well.
- Retirement: This is one of the first major transitions for many older adults and can have significant effects on mental and physical health, depending on the person's attitude and reasons for retiring.
- Relocation: Moves are common in later life, whether to smaller housing, retirement communities, or closer to family. Thoughtful preparation is key to a smooth adjustment, as poor relocation adjustment is linked to social isolation and depression.
- Bereavement: The loss of a spouse, family member, or friend is a common and challenging part of later life. It impacts social interaction, companionship, and can affect an individual's mortality risk, particularly for men.
- Health changes: While not all older adults experience major decline, managing chronic conditions becomes a greater focus. Access to appropriate care, including geriatric medicine, can be crucial.
Dispelling Myths About Aging
There are numerous myths about aging that can create negative stereotypes. Contrary to popular belief, significant cognitive decline and severe memory loss are not a normal part of aging. While some cognitive slowing is common, conditions like dementia are diseases, not an inevitable part of getting older. Additionally, not all older adults are frail or dependent; many remain vibrant, active, and independent well into their later years. A positive mindset and healthy lifestyle can greatly influence one's quality of life in later life.
Conclusion: Embracing the Language of Aging
In conclusion, the answer to the question, what are the later years of life called, is not simple. It reflects a growing understanding of the diversity and individuality within the aging population. By opting for person-first, specific, and respectful terms like "older adults" and understanding the different phases of late adulthood, we can help combat ageism and create a more inclusive dialogue around aging. Acknowledging the varied experiences of the young-old, middle-old, and oldest-old, and the important transitions they face, allows for a more comprehensive and empathetic approach to senior care and healthy aging. For further guidance on respectful language, consult the National Institute on Aging's resources found at https://www.nia.nih.gov/research/blog/2023/12/dont-call-me-old-avoiding-ageism-when-writing-about-aging.
