Why Language Matters in Healthy Aging
The words we use to describe people can influence perceptions and reinforce stereotypes, a form of discrimination known as ageism. The use of outdated or negative language can contribute to poorer physical and mental health outcomes in older adults by internalizing negative stereotypes about one's own aging process. Conversely, adopting positive and respectful language can foster a more inclusive and dignified view of growing older.
Changing our lexicon is a critical first step towards creating a more age-positive society. This includes moving away from terms that imply fragility, decline, or a uniform experience of aging. By choosing more precise and person-centered words, we acknowledge the diversity and individuality within the older population.
Preferred and Neutral Terms for Older Individuals
The shift toward more respectful language has led to several preferred terms in professional and public discourse. These options prioritize neutrality and avoid the potentially negative baggage associated with older phrasing.
Older Adults and Older People
These are the most common and widely recommended terms by organizations like the American Medical Association, the American Psychological Association, and the Associated Press. The phrases are neutral and straightforward, focusing on the stage of life rather than an individual's perceived frailty or dependency. They are excellent choices for broad, general descriptions.
Seniors and Senior Citizens
While terms like "senior" and "senior citizen" are permitted and widely understood, especially in contexts like discounts, housing, or specific programs, they are not universally preferred. Some object to the generalized nature of the term, feeling it lumps diverse individuals into a single category. Nonetheless, in settings where the term is already commonly used and accepted (e.g., a "senior center"), it remains practical.
Elders
The term "elder" carries significant positive weight and is often used to denote respect, wisdom, and leadership, particularly in many tribal and Indigenous cultures. However, it is important to be mindful of its cultural context and not apply it universally. Outside of these specific cultural settings, "older adult" is often a safer, more neutral choice.
Outdated and Potentially Offensive Terms to Avoid
Several terms have fallen out of favor due to their potential to dehumanize, stigmatize, or imply a decline that doesn't apply to every individual.
- Elderly: This term, while historically common, is now considered by many professional organizations to be outdated and ageist because it can imply frailty and dependency. The descriptor often comes with negative connotations that fail to reflect the diversity of older individuals.
- The Aged: This collective noun objectifies older people by reducing their identity to a single characteristic—their age. It groups a vast and diverse population into a single, impersonal mass.
- Geriatric: This is a clinical term specific to the branch of medicine focused on older people's health. Using it to describe a person or group outside of a medical context is considered inappropriate and offensive.
- Euphemisms: Phrases like "of a certain age," "over the hill," or "golden-ager" can be patronizing or dismissive, suggesting there is something to hide or be ashamed of about being older.
Choosing Person-First Language
Just as using person-first language is standard practice in many other areas (e.g., "person with a disability" instead of "disabled person"), it is recommended for discussions about age.
- Prioritize the individual. Instead of saying "an elderly woman," say "an 85-year-old woman" or, even better, "a woman, 85, who...". This puts her personhood first and uses her age only when relevant.
- Be specific. Replace broad generalizations with more specific, factual information when available and relevant. For example, instead of "the older population," consider "adults over 65" or "retirees." Specificity avoids stereotyping and provides more useful context.
- Use verbs, not labels. Frame descriptions around what a person does, not what they are. For example, "the man living in an assisted care facility" is more respectful than "the assisted care resident."
- Listen and learn. The most important rule is to ask how someone prefers to be addressed. Individual preference always takes precedence over general guidelines. Don't be afraid to ask respectfully.
Cultural Differences in Perceptions of Age
Global attitudes towards aging vary significantly. While many Western cultures have traditionally been youth-centric, often viewing aging negatively, some Eastern cultures historically placed high respect on older adults for their wisdom and experience. However, with globalization, these perceptions are also changing. A 2017 study comparing perceptions in the United Kingdom and Taiwan showed that while Eastern cultures might still hold slightly more positive views, negative stereotypes about decline are prevalent across cultures. The language we use must account for this cultural context and evolution.
| Feature | Preferred Terms | Terms to Avoid |
|---|---|---|
| General Description | Older adults, older people, people aged X and over | Elderly, The aged |
| Context-specific | Seniors, Senior citizens | Geriatric |
| Emphasis | Respectful, Person-first | Stereotyping, Collective |
| Connotation | Neutral to Positive | Negative, Frail, Dependent |
Conclusion: Moving Towards an Age-Inclusive Lexicon
The way we talk about older individuals is more than just semantics; it's a reflection of our societal values. As the global population continues to age, embracing inclusive, respectful, and person-centered language is vital for promoting dignity and combating ageism. By using terms like "older adults" and "seniors" appropriately, while consciously avoiding outdated phrases like "the elderly," we can all contribute to a healthier, more respectful environment for everyone. It's a simple change with a profound impact on how we view and treat older members of our communities. For further reading on combating ageism through communication, the National Institute on Aging provides comprehensive guidance.
The Power of Words
As we navigate the complexities of language, it's essential to remember that our word choices shape reality. They influence policies, social interactions, and individual self-perception. By being mindful and intentional in our language, we can help redefine aging not as a period of decline, but as a stage of life filled with potential, wisdom, and continued contribution.
