What do you call the elderly? A comprehensive guide to modern and respectful language

According to research by the National Institute on Aging, using age-inclusive language can actively combat ageism and its negative effects. Understanding what do you call the elderly is more than just semantics; it’s about respect, dignity, and challenging ingrained stereotypes.

Quick Summary

Using terms like "older adults" or "older people" is widely accepted as the most respectful practice, replacing outdated and potentially demeaning phrases like "the elderly" or "senior citizen."

Key Points

• Shift to Modern Terminology: Use "older adults" or "older people" instead of "the elderly" or "senior citizen" to promote dignity and avoid negative stereotypes.

• Combat Ageism: The term "the elderly" can carry negative connotations of frailty and dependence, contributing to ageism, which has documented negative impacts on health and well-being.

• Use Person-First Language: Always refer to the individual first, for instance, a "person with dementia" rather than a "dementia patient."

• Avoid Elderspeak: Do not speak to older adults in a condescending manner, using baby talk, a high pitch, or overly simplified vocabulary, as this is disrespectful and damaging.

• Default to Formal Titles: Until told otherwise, use formal titles like Mr., Ms., or Dr. to establish a baseline of respect, and avoid infantilizing nicknames.

• Embrace Individuality: Recognize the vast diversity within the older population and avoid generalizing about capabilities or experiences based solely on age.

• Prioritize Respectful Communication: The core of appropriate terminology lies in treating older adults as fellow, capable adults, listening patiently, and engaging them directly in conversation.

The Shift Towards Inclusive Language

For decades, terms like "the elderly" and "senior citizen" were common practice. However, as our understanding of language and its impact has evolved, these terms are increasingly seen as outdated and problematic. The word "elderly," in particular, can conjure up images of frailty and helplessness, ignoring the incredible diversity and vibrancy of the older population. Modern best practices, guided by organizations like the American Psychological Association and the Gerontological Society of America, now champion language that is person-first and avoids stigmatizing generalizations. The shift is away from labels and toward descriptions that acknowledge an individual's full identity.

Why 'Older Adults' and 'Older People' Are Preferred

The most recommended terms, such as "older adults," "older people," or "older persons," are chosen for several key reasons:

• Emphasis on Individuality: They put the person first, rather than their age, recognizing that age is just one aspect of a person's life. An individual is an adult, regardless of their years, and deserves to be addressed with that same respect.
• Avoids Stereotypes: Unlike "the elderly," which often implies a uniform, frail group, "older adults" is a neutral, descriptive term. It acknowledges the natural aging process without carrying the baggage of negative stereotypes.
• Promotes Equality: Using person-first language helps to dismantle the implicit biases that lead to ageism. It frames aging as a normal human experience, rather than a decline to be pitied or feared.

Moving Beyond Generalizations

Older adults represent a vast and heterogeneous group, with life stages and experiences just as varied as those of younger generations. Lumping everyone over a certain age into a single category ignores this diversity. For instance, a healthy, working 65-year-old and a frail, dependent 95-year-old are both technically "older adults," but their lives, needs, and identities are dramatically different. More specific descriptions, when relevant, can add clarity and respect.

For example:

• Instead of: "The elderly need more services."
• Consider: "People over 80 who live alone may benefit from more in-home care services."

Specificity avoids generalizing about an entire population and helps focus on the particular circumstance.

The Harm of Ageist Language

Ageism is discrimination based on age, and it can manifest in subtle but harmful ways, often through language. Words that seem benign or even well-intentioned can be deeply disrespectful and condescending.

Common Forms of Ageist Communication to Avoid:

• Elderspeak: This is a form of communication often used with older adults that mimics baby talk. It involves a slower, louder, or higher-pitched tone, simplified vocabulary, and a patronizing attitude. Studies have shown that elderspeak can damage self-esteem, increase resistance to care, and lead to social withdrawal.
• Infantilizing Nicknames: Terms like "sweetie," "honey," or "dear" are often used inappropriately with older adults, stripping them of their adult status. Always use formal titles like Mr. or Ms. until invited to do otherwise.
• Negative Framing: Framing the increase in the older population as a "silver tsunami" or describing aging as an obstacle to overcome perpetuates a negative, fatalistic view of aging.

Practical Tips for Respectful Communication

Communicating respectfully with older adults involves more than just changing a few words. It requires a shift in perspective and conscious effort to treat every person as a unique individual.

1. Ask for a Preferred Term: When in doubt, the simplest solution is to ask. "How would you prefer to be addressed?" or "Do you prefer I use your first name?" is a great way to start.
2. Use Formal Language First: Default to formal titles like Mr., Ms., Dr., or Mrs. until the person indicates otherwise. This establishes a baseline of respect.
3. Address the Person Directly: If an older person is with a caregiver or family member, make sure to direct your questions and conversation to the older adult themselves. Do not speak about them as if they are not present.
4. Listen Actively and Patiently: Give the person your full attention and allow them time to respond without interrupting or rushing. Active listening shows that you value their contribution to the conversation.
5. Use Person-First Language: Always prioritize the person over their condition. For example, say "a person with dementia," not "a dementia patient".
6. Avoid Making Assumptions: Never assume an individual's physical or cognitive capabilities based on their age. Engage them as an equal adult.

Comparison of Outdated vs. Modern Terminology

Understanding the contrast between outdated and preferred terms can help solidify best practices.

Outdated Terminology	Modern, Respectful Terminology	Rationale
The elderly	Older adults, older people	Avoids stigmatizing generalizations and focuses on the person.
Senior citizen	Older adults, a specific age group (e.g., "people over 65")	"Citizen" can imply a formal, outdated status. "Older adults" is more inclusive.
Frail, feeble	Person with functional limitations, person with chronic illness	Person-first language is more respectful and accurate.
The aged	Older people, the older population	"The aged" is often viewed as dehumanizing and othering.
Seniors	Older adults, specific age ranges	"Seniors" is a broad, sometimes vague term that can feel dated or infantilizing.

Conclusion: A Respectful Path Forward

Choosing the right language when discussing or addressing older adults is a critical step in combating ageism and fostering a more inclusive society. By shifting from problematic, outdated terms like what do you call the elderly to neutral, person-first language such as "older adults," we acknowledge the diversity, autonomy, and dignity of this vibrant population. By being mindful of our communication and avoiding condescending behaviors, we can build stronger, more respectful relationships across generations. The language we use matters, and a small shift in vocabulary can have a profound impact on how we perceive and treat one another.

Further reading on this topic is available from authoritative sources such as the National Institute on Aging Guide.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is it okay to use the term "the elderly"?

No, it is not okay in most contexts. The term is widely considered outdated and can be demeaning, as it often carries negative stereotypes of frailty and dependence. Using "older adults" or "older people" is the preferred alternative for respectful and inclusive communication.

What is the most respectful term to use for older people?

The most widely accepted and respectful terms are "older adults," "older people," or "older persons." These terms are person-first and avoid the negative generalizations associated with older phrasing.

Why is "senior citizen" not the best term?

"Senior citizen" can sound dated and overly formal, and like "the elderly," it groups a diverse population into a single category. Using "older adults" or clarifying with a specific age group (e.g., people over 65) is a more modern and respectful approach.

What is "elderspeak" and why should it be avoided?

Elderspeak is a condescending form of communication, similar to baby talk, that can be patronizing and damaging to an older adult's self-esteem. It should be avoided because it undermines dignity and can hinder healthy communication.

Should I use someone's first name if they are older than me?

It is best to start with a formal title, such as Mr. or Ms., until the older person invites you to use their first name. This establishes respect from the outset and acknowledges their status as an adult.

How should I address a large group of people who are 65 and older?

When addressing a large group, using inclusive language like "the older population" or specifying a relevant age range, such as "attendees over 65," is recommended. This is more precise and respectful than using a blanket term like "seniors".

What if an older person uses the term "elderly" to describe themselves?

If an individual refers to themselves as "elderly," you can follow their lead in a one-on-one conversation. However, when speaking generally, it is still best to use more inclusive terms to avoid perpetuating a potentially negative stereotype for the broader population.