Navigating Age-Inclusive Language
Choosing the right words is a critical aspect of respectful communication, particularly when discussing age. The language we use can either reinforce harmful stereotypes or foster an inclusive and positive environment. While the intention behind using traditional terms might be benign, research consistently shows that labels like "senior citizen" or "the elderly" can carry negative connotations and perpetuate ageism. By understanding the nuance and impact of different terms, we can promote a more respectful attitude toward aging and the people experiencing it.
The Shift Toward "Older Adults"
Professional and academic institutions, including the Associated Press (AP) and the American Psychological Association (APA), have evolved their guidelines to recommend more neutral and person-first language. The phrase "older adults" is now widely considered the standard for referring to individuals aged 65 and over. This shift is intentional and based on extensive research into the perceptions of aging. The term is inclusive, broad, and avoids the reductive stereotypes that can accompany older labels.
- Older Adults: A neutral, widely-accepted term used to refer to individuals in the later stages of life. It emphasizes their continued status as full adults. For example, a study could focus on the health outcomes of "older adults."
- Older People/Older Persons: Similar to older adults, these terms are respectful and put the person first. They are particularly useful when referring to a general population. For example, "the program is designed to support older people in the community."
- People over 65 (or another specific age): When context and specificity are needed, referencing a person's age directly is both factual and neutral. This is common in research or medical contexts. For example, a news report might refer to a new initiative for "people over 75."
- Individual's Name: The most respectful and personal form of address is always to use a person's name. Use titles like Mr., Ms., or Dr., and the last name, until invited to use a first name.
Why are some terms less respectful?
Certain words and phrases, although deeply ingrained in our vocabulary, are increasingly viewed as disrespectful or outdated. They often stem from historical contexts that categorized older individuals in a less than favorable light. Understanding why these terms are problematic is key to avoiding them.
Terms to Reconsider
- Elderly: This term often comes with connotations of frailty, helplessness, and diminished capacity. It groups a diverse population under a single, often negative, stereotype. Most professional style guides now advise against its use, preferring older adults instead.
- Senior/Senior Citizen: While many older individuals may still use these terms themselves, they are declining in popularity and can feel out-of-date. The term "senior citizen" originated during a different era and can carry associations with being a recipient of benefits rather than a fully independent adult.
- The Aged: This is a dehumanizing term that reduces individuals to their age, treating them as a collective rather than a group of unique people. It is rarely, if ever, appropriate.
- Elders: While this term can denote respect in certain cultural contexts (e.g., Native American communities), it is often seen as out of place or "othering" in a general context. Use with caution and only when appropriate culturally.
The Importance of Person-First Language
A key principle in respectful communication is using person-first language. This practice involves putting the person before their condition or characteristic. For example, instead of saying "a diabetic," one would say "a person living with diabetes". This applies to age as well. The term "older adults" inherently follows this rule by placing "adults" first, reinforcing their identity before their age.
Similarly, when discussing health or ability, it is important to be mindful of phrasing. Instead of saying someone is "suffering from arthritis," it is more respectful and accurate to say they are "living with arthritis". This subtle change acknowledges the person's humanity and agency in navigating their health challenges.
Context is Everything
The most appropriate term can vary depending on the context. While "older adult" is a safe and widely accepted default for written communication, a different approach may be needed in personal interactions. The most respectful approach is always to use an individual's name. If you are unsure, it is perfectly acceptable to ask for their preferred term of address.
Table: Terminology Comparison
| Term | Connotations | Context | Recommendation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Older Adult(s) | Neutral, inclusive, person-first | General writing, professional, formal settings | Recommended Standard |
| Older Person/People | Person-focused, respectful | General population, empathetic writing | Recommended Standard |
| Specific Age Range | Factual, precise | Research, medical, policy documents | Best for Specificity |
| Senior/Senior Citizen | Outdated, can be seen as patronizing | Discount eligibility, some older communities | Use with Caution |
| Elderly | Negative, fragile stereotype | Historical, generally avoided | Not Recommended |
| The Aged | Dehumanizing, reductive | Very outdated, never appropriate | Not Recommended |
| Elder | Cultural-specific, can be "othering" | Indigenous cultures; use only if appropriate | Use with Discretion |
The impact of ageist language
Language that reinforces age-related stereotypes is a form of ageism, which the World Health Organization defines as the stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination directed against people on the basis of their age [https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/ageism]. The negative effects of ageism on older people's mental and physical health are well-documented. By using inclusive language, we actively challenge these biases and help create a more equitable society. This isn't just a matter of political correctness; it's about promoting a healthier, more dignified aging experience for everyone.
Conclusion
Choosing a respectful term for older individuals is an important step toward combating ageism and fostering a culture of respect. While the perfect, one-size-fits-all term may not exist due to personal preferences, "older adult" is the current standard for formal and general communication. The best approach is to lead with empathy, use person-first language, and prioritize specificity or an individual's name whenever possible. By being mindful of our word choices, we contribute to a more positive and inclusive perception of aging for everyone.
