What is dementia according to the NHS?
The NHS clearly defines dementia as a 'syndrome'—a collection of symptoms—rather than a single disease. These symptoms are the result of ongoing damage to the brain caused by a variety of diseases. This distinction is vital, as the specific cause of the brain damage will influence the type of dementia, the symptoms experienced, and the potential treatment approaches.
The core symptoms of dementia
Symptoms can vary significantly depending on the specific type of dementia and which areas of the brain are affected. However, common symptoms often include:
- Memory problems: Difficulty remembering recent events, names, or faces is one of the most well-known signs.
- Thinking speed: Mental sharpness and quickness can decline, making it harder to process information.
- Language difficulties: A person may struggle to find the right words or follow conversations.
- Concentration: An inability to focus or maintain attention on tasks.
- Understanding: Reduced capacity to understand and process information or complex ideas.
- Judgement: Poor or impaired judgement can lead to issues with decision-making.
- Mood and behaviour changes: These can manifest as increased anxiety, irritability, depression, or personality shifts.
The most common types of dementia
The NHS and other health bodies recognise several types of dementia, with the most common being:
Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's is the most prevalent form, accounting for a significant majority of cases. It is caused by the abnormal build-up of proteins (amyloid plaques and tau tangles) in the brain, which leads to brain cells dying. Memory loss is a hallmark early symptom, with other cognitive and behavioural issues developing as the disease progresses.
Vascular dementia
This is the second most common type, caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, which damages and eventually kills brain cells. This can happen suddenly after a major stroke or more gradually due to a series of smaller strokes or narrowed blood vessels. Symptoms can vary but often include problems with planning, reasoning, and slower thought processes.
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)
DLB is caused by microscopic deposits of a protein called alpha-synuclein that build up in the brain. People with DLB often experience fluctuating alertness, visual hallucinations, and movement problems similar to Parkinson's disease.
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD)
FTD is a rarer form of dementia, often affecting younger individuals (under 65). It involves damage to the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, leading to personality changes, difficulties with language, and behavioural issues.
Other, less common types
- Alcohol-related dementia
- Mixed dementia (having more than one type)
- Dementia from Parkinson's or Huntington's disease
The NHS diagnosis process
Getting a diagnosis is a crucial step towards accessing support. The NHS process typically involves several stages:
- Visiting a GP: The first step is to see your GP, who will discuss your symptoms and conduct initial checks to rule out other potential causes, such as vitamin deficiencies or infections.
- Memory test: The GP may perform a simple cognitive assessment to check your memory, concentration, and language skills.
- Referral to a specialist: If dementia is suspected, the GP will refer you to a specialist memory service. This may include an old-age psychiatrist, a geriatrician, or a neurologist.
- Specialist assessment: At the memory clinic, a more detailed evaluation will be conducted. This may involve further cognitive tests and interviews with family members.
- Brain scans: In some cases, scans like an MRI or CT may be used to look for physical changes in the brain and help determine the type of dementia.
- Diagnosis and care plan: Following the assessment, the specialist will provide a diagnosis and help develop a care plan, connecting you with local support services.
Comparison of common dementia types
| Feature | Alzheimer's Disease | Vascular Dementia | Dementia with Lewy Bodies |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cause | Protein plaques and tangles | Reduced blood flow to the brain | Protein deposits (Lewy bodies) |
| Early Symptoms | Memory loss, forgetting recent events | Slowness of thought, concentration issues | Fluctuating alertness, visual hallucinations |
| Progression | Gradual and progressive decline | 'Step-wise' decline, sudden worsening | Fluctuating, sometimes rapid worsening |
| Movement | Can be affected in later stages | Can impact walking or movement | Parkinson's-like symptoms often present |
Living with dementia: NHS support and resources
Receiving a diagnosis is the start of a journey, not the end. The NHS and partner organisations offer extensive support to help individuals and their families live well with the condition. This includes access to memory services, specialist nurses, and local support groups.
- Medication: For some types, medication may be prescribed to help manage symptoms, though it cannot cure the disease.
- Occupational therapy: Therapists can provide practical strategies and adaptations to help with daily living.
- Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST): This group activity programme can help improve memory and thinking skills for people with mild to moderate dementia.
- Support for carers: The NHS recognises the vital role of carers and provides access to carer's assessments, which can lead to respite care and other support services.
For more detailed information and access to local support, you can visit the official NHS guide on dementia. This resource provides a wealth of advice on living with the condition, managing symptoms, and finding help.
Conclusion
Understanding what is dementia NHS? and recognising its symptoms is the first step towards getting the right support. By dispelling the myth that it is a normal part of ageing, the NHS empowers people to seek early diagnosis, plan for the future, and access the treatments and community resources available. With a supportive network and tailored care, many people can continue to live meaningful and fulfilling lives after a diagnosis of dementia.
