The global consensus on healthy ageing is primarily driven by the framework and definition set forth by the World Health Organization (WHO). The WHO framework defines healthy ageing as "the process of developing and maintaining the functional ability that enables wellbeing in older age". This definition highlights an individual's capacity to do what they value, encompassing overall quality of life beyond the absence of disease.
The Three Core Pillars of Healthy Ageing
The WHO framework identifies three interconnected components crucial for healthy ageing: Intrinsic Capacity, Environment, and Functional Ability. Intrinsic Capacity relates to an individual's physical and mental capabilities. The Environment encompasses external factors that influence functional ability. Functional Ability is the result of the interaction between intrinsic capacity and environment, allowing a person to be and do what they value.
Global Strategies for Achieving Healthy Ageing
The WHO's strategies, including the UN Decade of Healthy Ageing (2021–2030), outline key action areas such as changing attitudes towards age and creating age-friendly communities. Other areas include providing integrated health and long-term care and ensuring access to quality long-term care. Combating ageism is also a significant strategy.
Key Principles of Different Consensus Statements
Various organizations contribute to the understanding of healthy ageing with specific focuses.
| Aspect | WHO Consensus (2015+) | Academy of Nutrition Consensus (2025) | Journal of Nutrition, Health, and Aging (2025) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Focus | Holistic: Functional ability based on intrinsic capacity and environment. | Targeted: Importance of nutrition care to address malnutrition risks. | Targeted: Optimal exercise recommendations for healthy longevity. |
| Key Outcome | Wellbeing in older age, enabled by functional ability. | Improved health outcomes, reduced disabilities, and lower healthcare costs. | Enhanced healthspan, functional capacity, and quality of life. |
| Strategy | Multisectoral approach covering health systems, communities, and attitudes towards age. | Equitable access to nutrition care via registered dietitian nutritionists and specific programs. | Multifaceted exercise regimen including aerobic, resistance, balance, and and flexibility training. |
| Scope | Global policy and action framework (UN Decade of Healthy Ageing). | Focus on nutrition for older adults in long-term care and community settings (primarily US). | Optimal exercise regimens based on the latest scientific evidence. |
Conclusion
The WHO-led consensus on healthy ageing represents a shift towards a holistic model that prioritizes functional ability and the interplay of intrinsic capacity and environment. The UN Decade of Healthy Ageing provides a framework for global action, emphasizing the need to combat ageism, create age-friendly communities, and ensure integrated care. Achieving healthy ageing for all requires a collective societal effort.
How to Promote Healthy Ageing in Your Community
Promoting healthy ageing involves individual and community actions that influence intrinsic capacity and environmental factors. This includes promoting healthy lifestyles through education on diet, exercise, and stress management, supporting accessible community programs and age-friendly infrastructure, advocating for integrated, person-centered healthcare and combating ageism among healthcare providers, and addressing inequities to ensure equitable access to services and housing. Implementing the consensus requires a collaborative, multi-layered approach to support ageing populations effectively.
