The Evolution of Terminology
For decades, terms like "the elderly," "seniors," and "senior citizens" were widely used, but they have increasingly fallen out of favor. These terms, especially "the elderly," often carry negative connotations of frailty, dependence, and being a homogenous group defined by age alone. Respectful and modern communication acknowledges that older people are a diverse group with varied experiences, abilities, and identities. This shift in language is a reflection of a broader societal effort to combat ageism, which is defined as discrimination based on age.
Why Old Terms are Problematic
Using outdated terms can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and contribute to ageism. Research suggests that ageism has serious implications for the health of older people, associating it with poorer physical and mental health. By using respectful and accurate language, we can help people of all ages think more positively about the aging process.
Recommended Terminology: Older Adults and Person-First Language
Medical, psychological, and journalistic style guides have converged on a set of best practices for referring to people in later life. The consensus is to use person-first language and descriptive, neutral terms.
Preferred terms include:
- Older adults: A widely accepted, neutral, and respectful term for individuals over a certain age, typically 65+.
- Older persons/people: Similar to older adults, these terms focus on the individual rather than the age category.
- People aged X and older: Using a specific age range is particularly useful in research and healthcare contexts to ensure accuracy.
- Persons 65 years and older: Offers clear, specific language without relying on potentially loaded terms.
Using Person-First Language
Person-first language prioritizes the individual over their condition or age. Instead of saying "the diabetic elderly," you would say "older adults with diabetes." This is crucial in healthcare settings and for respectful communication in general.
When is "Senior" Acceptable?
The term "senior" is less-preferred in general media and healthcare, but its acceptability is contextual. It is often used in a functional or marketing context, such as "senior discount" or "senior living." However, many older adults find the term alienating or associated with negative stereotypes. When in doubt, defer to the more neutral "older adult."
Guidelines from Major Organizations
Leading professional organizations have issued clear guidelines on age-inclusive language. These are vital for anyone creating content, conducting research, or working with older populations.
- American Medical Association (AMA): Recommends terms such as "older persons" and "older adults" and advises avoiding "the aged," "aging dependents," and "old-old".
- American Psychological Association (APA): Prefers terms like "older adult" and "older individuals" and discourages using "senior," "elderly," and "the aged".
- Associated Press (AP) Stylebook: Recommends "older adults," "older persons," or "older people" over "seniors" or "elderly." It permits "elderly" in headlines for space reasons, but still discourages it.
- Gerontological Society of America (GSA): Favors "older adult," "older persons," or "older people" over "seniors" and "the elderly" and encourages using specific age ranges where possible.
How to Determine the Best Term
Navigating appropriate terminology requires both general guidelines and contextual awareness. A best-practice approach involves a few simple steps:
- Start with person-first language. Always begin with "person" or "people" before describing an attribute. For example, "people with dementia," not "demented people".
- Use "older adults" or "older persons" by default. These are the most broadly accepted and respectful terms in a general context.
- Be specific where possible. Instead of a broad term, use a specific age range, such as "adults aged 75 to 84 years," especially in medical or research writing.
- Prioritize individual preference. The most respectful approach is to ask individuals how they prefer to be addressed. This is particularly important in one-on-one interactions.
Comparing Old vs. Preferred Terminology
| Terminology to Avoid | Why it's Problematic | Preferred Terminology | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|
| The elderly | Connotes frailty and lumps a diverse group together. | Older adults, older people | Neutral, accurate, and avoids stereotyping. |
| Senior citizen | Often carries outdated connotations of dependence or institutionalization. | Older adult, specific age group | More modern and respects the autonomy of the individual. |
| Geriatric (as a noun) | A clinical term for a branch of medicine; should not describe people. | Person receiving geriatric care | Refers to the medical field, not the individual. |
| Aged / The aged | Impersonal and objectifying; suggests people are defined by age. | Older adults, individuals over 65 | Emphasizes the personhood of the individual. |
| Golden-agers | A dated, euphemistic term that can sound condescending. | Older adults, retirees, etc. | Focuses on actual identity or life stage, not a patronizing label. |
A Guide to Adopting Respectful Language
- Educate yourself and your team. Share this and other authoritative resources with colleagues to ensure consistent, age-inclusive communication. Understanding the 'why' behind the change is as important as the 'what.'
- Conduct an audit of your communications. Review your website, marketing materials, and any formal communications for outdated or ageist terms. Replace them with the preferred alternatives.
- Embrace person-first language universally. Make it a standard practice to lead with the person, regardless of their age or condition. For example, use "patient with a visual impairment" instead of "visually impaired patient".
- Focus on abilities, not limitations. Frame conversations and content around what older adults can do and contribute, rather than focusing on perceived deficits. This challenges negative stereotypes and promotes positive aging.
- Listen to feedback. If an older individual expresses a preference for a certain term, respect their choice. While general guidelines exist, personal preference always takes precedence.
Conclusion: Language as a tool for dignity
Ultimately, understanding what is the proper term for the elderly is about more than just words—it's about dignity and respect. By adopting person-first language and using terms like "older adults" or "older persons," we can challenge ageism and create a more inclusive environment. This careful consideration of language reflects an understanding that people are defined by their full lives, not just their age. The way we speak about aging has a powerful impact on how we perceive it, and choosing respectful terms is a simple yet profound way to foster a culture of respect for all generations.
