The Conventional Chronological Definition
For many statistical and demographic purposes, the United Nations conventionally defines an "older person" as someone who is 60 years of age or older. This provides a consistent and measurable benchmark for tracking population trends across different regions. However, the UN acknowledges that this numerical definition is arbitrary and can vary based on local customs, national policies, and life expectancy. For example, some developed countries use 65 years or older, often aligning with the age for receiving old-age social security benefits. In contrast, in humanitarian contexts with lower life expectancy, such as among refugees or internally displaced persons, people in their 50s might be considered older and face the associated challenges.
The Concept of Population Ageing
Beyond defining an individual as an older person, the UN also addresses the broader social phenomenon known as "population ageing." This refers to the demographic shift resulting from two main factors: declining fertility rates and increasing longevity. When birth rates fall and people live longer, the average age of the population increases, and the proportion of older people grows relative to younger cohorts. This trend has significant implications for societies across the globe, influencing:
- Labour markets and economic productivity
- Social protection systems, including pensions and healthcare
- Intergenerational relationships and family structures
- The demand for housing and accessible infrastructure
Healthy Ageing: A Functional Approach
To move beyond a purely chronological view, the World Health Organization (WHO), a UN specialized agency, has championed a more holistic concept called "healthy ageing". This framework is the foundation of the UN Decade of Healthy Ageing (2021–2030) and is defined as the process of developing and maintaining the functional ability that enables well-being in older age. This shifts the focus from simply living longer to living well, emphasizing quality of life over quantity of years. Functional ability is determined by the interaction of three main factors:
The Framework of Functional Ability
- Intrinsic Capacity: An individual's physical and mental capacities, such as their mobility, cognitive skills, and sensory functions. These capacities are influenced by genetics, lifestyle choices, and health conditions throughout a person's life.
- Environmental Characteristics: The physical and social environment in which a person lives, including their homes, neighbourhoods, transportation, and access to services. A supportive environment can help older individuals maintain their functional ability even as their intrinsic capacity declines.
- The Interaction: The way an individual's intrinsic capacity interacts with their environment. A person with reduced mobility, for instance, may maintain a high level of well-being if their home and community are accessible, allowing them to remain socially engaged.
Beyond Definitions: The UN's Policy Response to Aging
The UN's work on aging extends far beyond simple definitions. Its policies and initiatives are shaped by a long-term, comprehensive approach, guided by several key documents and initiatives:
- Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (2002): This landmark document established a new agenda for the 21st century, focusing on three priority areas: older persons and development; advancing health and well-being; and creating supportive environments.
- UN Principles for Older Persons (1991): Adopted by the General Assembly, these 18 principles are categorized under independence, participation, care, self-fulfillment, and dignity. They outline the entitlements and rights of older persons.
- UN Decade of Healthy Ageing (2021–2030): Led by the WHO, this decade aims to bring together governments and civil society to improve the lives of older people and their communities through concerted action. The goals include combating ageism, fostering age-friendly communities, delivering person-centred care, and providing access to long-term care.
Comparing Chronological vs. Functional Aging Definitions
| Feature | Chronological Definition (Statistical) | Functional/Healthy Ageing Definition (WHO/Policy) |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Purpose | Standardized data collection for demographic analysis and global comparisons. | Guiding policy and public health interventions to improve well-being. |
| Core Basis | A fixed numerical age threshold, typically 60+ years. | An individual's functional ability, including their intrinsic capacity and environment. |
| Key Metric | The number and proportion of the population over a specific age. | The ability to perform valued activities and achieve well-being in older age. |
| Flexibility | Less flexible; relies on a rigid cutoff point for categorization. | Highly flexible and individualized; acknowledges the wide diversity in older age. |
| Emphasis | Age-based categories and population-wide demographic trends. | An individual's health, capabilities, and the impact of their living environment. |
| Impact on Policy | Helps identify broad trends and future social service needs for planning. | Promotes a shift towards comprehensive, person-centered care and supportive communities. |
Conclusion: A Shift from Number to Nuance
In summary, what is the United Nations definition of aging? It has evolved from a simple statistical figure to a sophisticated, multi-faceted concept. While the chronological marker of 60 years or older remains a useful tool for demographers and statisticians, the UN's broader policy perspective, particularly through the WHO's leadership, embraces a more holistic view of "healthy ageing". This functional approach recognizes that a person's intrinsic capabilities and the supportive nature of their environment are key determinants of their well-being in later life. This comprehensive understanding ensures that aging policies and programs are designed to address the diverse realities of older people, promoting their dignity, independence, and full participation in society. The ongoing UN Decade of Healthy Ageing represents a global commitment to this nuanced and human-centered approach. For more information on the UN's health-related initiatives on aging, see the WHO Ageing and Health resource.
