The Lifecycle of DHEA-S Production
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) is a steroid hormone primarily produced by the adrenal glands and converted by the body into other vital hormones like testosterone and estrogen. Its production changes throughout life.
- Infancy: High levels at birth decline rapidly.
- Childhood: Levels are low until adrenarche (ages 6-8).
- Adrenarche and Puberty: Production increases significantly.
- Young Adulthood: Levels peak between ages 20 and 30.
- Midlife and Beyond: Production gradually declines, potentially dropping by 80–90% by age 80 or 90.
Why does DHEA-S decline with age?
The age-related drop in DHEA-S, known as 'adrenopause,' is mainly due to changes in the adrenal glands, distinct from stable cortisol secretion.
- Reduced Adrenal Secretion: The primary cause is decreased production by the adrenal glands, possibly linked to reduced activity of enzymes like 17,20-lyase.
- Zona Reticularis Changes: Another factor could be a reduction in the size or cell count of the adrenal cortex's zona reticularis, where DHEA is produced.
- HPA Axis Influence: Changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and factors like chronic stress may also contribute.
- Other Hormonal Factors: In women, menopausal transitions can sometimes cause temporary fluctuations in adrenal androgens.
Potential health implications of reduced DHEA-S
The decline in DHEA-S is a normal part of aging, but significantly low levels have been associated with various health issues in observational studies. It's important to remember that association doesn't prove causation.
- Mood and Cognitive Function: Lower levels are linked to mood disorders, anxiety, depression, and reduced well-being in older adults.
- Cardiovascular Health: Some research suggests a link between low DHEA-S and increased cardiovascular risk, with potential differences between sexes.
- Musculoskeletal Health: The decline parallels decreases in bone and muscle mass, with low DHEA-S associated with reduced bone density, muscle strength, and increased frailty.
- Sexual Function: As a precursor to sex hormones, declining DHEA-S can be linked to decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, and vaginal dryness.
- Immune Function: Changes in adrenal hormones, like an increased cortisol-to-DHEA-S ratio, may be connected to age-related immune decline (immunosenescence) and impact immune response.
Comparison of DHEA-S levels: Young vs. Old Adults
DHEA-S levels vary significantly with age. The table below highlights key differences between young and older adults.
| Feature | Young Adults (20-30 years) | Older Adults (70+ years) |
|---|---|---|
| Peak Concentration | Reach highest lifetime levels | Levels are significantly lower, sometimes 80–90% below peak. |
| Adrenal Function | Adrenal glands are fully functioning and produce high quantities. | Adrenal production has declined, a process termed 'adrenopause'. |
| Physiological State | Correlated with high vitality, strong physical function, and robust immune health. | Low levels may be associated with frailty, reduced muscle mass, and increased health risks. |
| Hormonal Profile | Higher absolute DHEA-S levels and a lower cortisol-to-DHEA-S ratio. | Higher cortisol-to-DHEA-S ratio, which can be linked to inflammation and metabolic issues. |
| Sex Differences | Men typically have higher DHEA-S levels than women. | Men still tend to have higher levels, but the age-related decline is more pronounced in men than women. |
The Takeaway
The decline in DHEA-S is a natural aspect of aging, but it varies individually due to genetics, health, and lifestyle. The rate and stability of the decline are potentially more clinically relevant than absolute levels; a steep drop could signal underlying health issues. DHEA-S decline is considered a biomarker of aging rather than its direct cause. For more information, resources like the National Institutes of Health (NIH) provide further details.
Conclusion
In conclusion, yes, we produce less DHEA-S as we get older. This age-related reduction, called 'adrenopause,' follows peak production in young adulthood and continues throughout life with individual variations. The decrease is primarily due to reduced adrenal activity and is associated with various physiological changes affecting mood, cognition, musculoskeletal health, and immunity. While DHEA supplementation exists, its anti-aging benefits for healthy older adults are not definitively proven, and safety is a concern. The decline is best understood as a biomarker of aging. Monitoring hormone levels and addressing other health issues are recommended for older adults.
