The Shift in Terminology: From 'Elderly' to 'Older Adults'
The language we use to describe older individuals has evolved significantly. What was once considered standard, such as the term 'elderly', is now widely viewed as outdated and potentially demeaning. This shift is driven by a growing awareness of ageism—discrimination and stereotyping based on a person's age—and the recognition that a person's value is not defined by their years. Many influential organizations, including the National Institute on Aging (NIA) and the American Psychological Association, now advocate for more precise and respectful terminology that emphasizes the individual rather than their age group. Adopting this person-first approach is not merely a matter of political correctness; it is a fundamental part of respectful communication that recognizes the diversity and individuality of the aging population.
The Problem with 'Elderly' and 'Senior Citizen'
Terms like 'elderly' and 'senior citizen' often evoke negative, and often inaccurate, stereotypes of frailty, decline, and dependency. This can diminish an individual's identity, reducing them to a single characteristic: their age. Furthermore, these umbrella terms fail to recognize the vast range of experiences, abilities, and health statuses within the older adult demographic. A healthy, active 65-year-old has vastly different needs and life experiences than an 85-year-old with complex health issues. Using generalized labels ignores this diversity and reinforces the idea that aging is a monolithic, negative process.
The Rise of Person-First Language
To counter these stereotypes, experts recommend using person-first language. Instead of saying 'the elderly', it is far more respectful and accurate to say 'older adults', 'older persons', or 'older individuals'. This subtle but important change in wording places the individual before their age-related descriptor, affirming their personhood first and foremost. For example, instead of describing a group as "housing for the elderly," a more respectful phrase would be "housing for older adults." This approach helps to combat ageism by normalizing the aging process as a natural part of life, rather than a problem to be fixed or an identity to be marginalized.
Positive and Empowering Descriptors
Beyond neutral, person-first language, there are many positive and empowering ways to describe older individuals based on their unique attributes, experiences, and contributions.
Focusing on Wisdom and Experience
Instead of focusing on physical changes, one can highlight the rich accumulation of a lifetime of knowledge. Terms such as 'sage', 'experienced', 'time-honored individual', and 'wisdom bearer' reflect the deep well of insights that often comes with age. This perspective values older adults for their intellectual and emotional growth, celebrating their journey through life. For instance, you could describe a mentor as a "seasoned soul" or a family matriarch as a "wisdom bearer," terms that carry a positive and respectful weight.
Honoring Contributions
An older person's identity is often intertwined with their life's work, family, and community roles. Focusing on these contributions can be a powerful way to describe them positively. Words like 'matriarch' or 'patriarch' honor their role as a family leader, while 'veteran' or 'community elder' acknowledge their status within a wider group. This type of language respects their history and acknowledges their ongoing relevance and importance.
Comparing Outdated and Respectful Terms
Understanding the differences between older, less sensitive terms and modern, respectful ones can help guide your communication.
| Feature | Outdated Terms (e.g., 'elderly') | Modern, Respectful Terms |
|---|---|---|
| Connotation | Often negative, suggesting frailty and decline. | Neutral, positive, or specific, emphasizing individuality. |
| Specificity | Vague, generalizing a diverse group of people. | Encourages specificity (e.g., 'adults over 80,' 'retirees'). |
| Ageism | Can reinforce harmful, ageist stereotypes. | Actively combats ageism by focusing on the person. |
| Focus | Age as a defining and limiting characteristic. | The individual as a whole person with a lifetime of experience. |
| Example | 'The elderly often feel lonely.' | 'Many older adults value strong social connections.' |
How to Use Specific, Accurate Language
Specificity is key to respectful communication. Instead of relying on general descriptors, tailor your language to the specific context. Here are some ways to be more precise:
- Age-Specific Language: If age is a relevant factor, use a specific range. For example, instead of 'seniors,' say 'adults aged 65 to 75' or 'people over 80'. This is especially important in medical or policy discussions where age demographics matter.
- Context-Specific Language: Adapt your terminology to the situation. In a social setting, you might use 'retiree' or describe an older person by their role, such as a 'grandmother' or 'former professor'. In a clinical setting, 'older patient' or 'individual receiving care' is more appropriate.
The Importance of Listening
The most respectful approach is to let the individual guide you. If you are unsure what term an older person prefers, simply ask them. Many will have a preference, or may not care at all, but the act of asking demonstrates respect and acknowledges their autonomy. This person-centered approach is always the best path forward.
Ultimately, the discussion around how do you describe an elderly is not about rigid rules but about a deeper commitment to empathy and respect. By consciously choosing language that is accurate, positive, and person-centered, we can help dismantle ageism and create a more inclusive world for people of all ages.
For more guidance on this topic, consider reading the National Institute on Aging's blog post: Don’t call me “old”: Avoiding ageism when writing about aging.
