Defining an ageing population according to the UN
The United Nations broadly defines an ageing population as a demographic shift where the median age of the population rises due to a growing proportion of older people relative to younger ones. The simplest and most widely used threshold is defining an older person as being 60 years of age or over. This demographic trend is occurring in nearly every country, driven by two key factors: longer life expectancy and declining fertility rates. The UN emphasizes that this phenomenon is one of the most significant global trends of the 21st century, with profound implications for societies worldwide.
The demographic transition and population ageing
The process of population ageing is best understood within the context of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM), a multi-stage theory that explains how population dynamics change over time. As countries develop, they typically move through these stages:
- Stage 1: High stationary: Characterized by high birth rates and high death rates, resulting in a stable, youthful population.
- Stage 2: Early expanding: Death rates fall due to improvements in health and sanitation, while birth rates remain high, leading to rapid population growth and a larger proportion of young people.
- Stage 3: Late expanding: Birth rates begin to decline due to factors like improved economic conditions, increased female education, and access to family planning. Population growth continues but at a slower pace.
- Stage 4: Low stationary: Both birth and death rates are low, leading to a stabilized population. Most developed countries are in this stage.
- Stage 5: Declining: A hypothetical stage where fertility rates fall below replacement levels and the elderly population is larger than the youthful one, resulting in a population decrease.
Population ageing is a hallmark of the later stages of this transition. For many countries, particularly those in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia, this process is happening at an unprecedented speed compared to historical precedents in Europe and North America.
Challenges and opportunities of an ageing population
While population ageing is a testament to human development and success in improving health and living conditions, it presents both challenges and opportunities for societies. The UN advocates for a comprehensive, multi-sectoral approach to address this demographic shift.
| Aspect | Challenges | Opportunities |
|---|---|---|
| Socioeconomic | Increased strain on pension systems, healthcare, and social benefits due to a shrinking workforce supporting a growing number of retirees. Potential for slower economic growth and declining productivity due to a smaller labor force. | Longer, healthier lives offer opportunities for extended careers, lifelong learning, and continued economic contribution. Increased capital per worker can potentially boost wages and productivity. |
| Health and Well-being | Rise in chronic diseases and complex health conditions common in older age, requiring more resources and specialized care. Increased risk of age-related issues like dementia, falls, and frailty. | Opportunity to focus on 'healthy ageing,' promoting lifestyles that delay physical and mental decline. Expanded health spans mean more active, engaged older adults contributing to society. |
| Social and Community | Risk of social isolation, loneliness, and ageism, leading to poorer mental and physical health outcomes for older adults. Younger generations may carry greater responsibility for caregiving. | Potential for stronger intergenerational solidarity through mentorship and shared knowledge. Opportunity to develop age-friendly communities and innovative social support systems. |
The Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing
To guide global efforts in addressing population ageing, the UN adopted the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (MIPAA) in 2002. The plan serves as a global framework for policymakers and is built around three priority areas:
- Older persons and development: Recognizing the contributions of older people and integrating ageing into development policies.
- Advancing health and well-being into old age: Focusing on preventive care, access to quality health services, and promoting healthy lifestyles.
- Ensuring enabling and supportive environments: Creating environments where older people can age in dignity, security, and safety, including access to housing and transportation.
The implementation of MIPAA encourages a bottom-up approach, emphasizing that national and local strategies should be tailored to specific contexts and involve the active participation of older persons themselves. The UN also works to combat ageism and promote a positive view of ageing, highlighting the importance of valuing older adults' experience and contributions beyond their economic output.
Moving towards a society for all ages
Population ageing requires proactive, not reactive, policy responses. The UN's work, including the Decade of Healthy Ageing (2021–2030), emphasizes collective, multi-sectoral action to foster longer and healthier lives for everyone. By addressing the challenges and embracing the opportunities, societies can adapt to this new demographic reality in ways that promote equity and dignity for all generations. Governments can implement various measures, such as adjusting pension policies, promoting flexible retirement options, and expanding long-term care. Beyond policy, a societal shift in attitude towards ageing is crucial to build age-friendly communities that promote lifelong learning and social engagement. For more comprehensive information on healthy ageing initiatives, consult resources from authoritative organizations like the World Health Organization.
In conclusion, the UN's definition of an ageing population is far more than a simple number; it represents a complex demographic transition with widespread implications. While challenges related to healthcare, social security, and economic stability are real, the strategic, forward-thinking approach championed by the UN and its associated bodies points toward a future where ageing is seen as a collective achievement and an opportunity for building more inclusive and resilient societies.
