Understanding the Distinction: Absolute vs. Per Capita
When discussing where the highest population of centenarians resides, it is crucial to differentiate between absolute numbers and per capita rates. The absolute number refers to the total count of centenarians within a country. In contrast, the per capita rate indicates the number of centenarians relative to the total population, which gives a better measure of widespread longevity across a nation's inhabitants.
Japan: The Leader in Centenarian Concentration
Japan consistently holds the highest per capita rate of centenarians, a distinction it has maintained for many consecutive years. Regions within Japan, such as the island of Okinawa, are famously designated as "Blue Zones"—geographic areas with exceptionally high concentrations of centenarians. The factors contributing to this remarkable longevity include a diet rich in plant-based foods, strong social ties, and a low-stress lifestyle.
Recent reports indicate Japan has also claimed the top spot for the highest absolute number of centenarians. For example, a September 2025 news report noted Japan set a new world record with nearly 100,000 citizens aged 100 or older. This underscores Japan's status as a global leader in longevity.
The United States: A Large Absolute Population
Historically, due to its large and growing population, the United States has often had the highest total number of centenarians, though not the highest per capita rate. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the number of centenarians in the U.S. grew significantly between 2010 and 2020. In terms of proportion, states in the U.S. Northeast and Midwest have seen higher rates, with Hawaii and Puerto Rico showing particularly high per capita figures. While genetics play a role, improving healthcare and a growing awareness of healthy lifestyles also contribute to this rise.
Other Notable Longevity Hotspots: The Blue Zones
The world's so-called "Blue Zones" are other significant areas to consider when examining centenarian populations. These regions offer insights into the lifestyle, diet, and environmental factors that promote extreme longevity.
- Sardinia, Italy: This island is known for its high concentration of male centenarians. The population benefits from a close-knit community, a traditional diet, and a physically active lifestyle.
- Nicoya, Costa Rica: This region boasts a high concentration of centenarians, particularly males. A sense of purpose, strong social connections, and a plant-heavy diet are common characteristics.
- Ikaria, Greece: This Aegean island exhibits some of the lowest rates of middle-age mortality and dementia globally. The Ikarian diet, heavy in vegetables and healthy fats, along with a relaxed pace of life, is considered key.
A Comparative Look at Centenarian Populations
To put these figures into perspective, it helps to compare the top countries side-by-side. Note that these statistics can vary slightly depending on the reporting agency and year.
| Feature | Japan | United States | China | Thailand |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute Number | Highest recorded recently (e.g., ~100k in 2025) | High, but lower than Japan's most recent numbers (e.g., 98k in 2024) | Significant and rapidly growing (e.g., 60k in 2024) | Notable population (e.g., 45k in 2024) |
| Per Capita Rate | Highest worldwide (~80.6 per 100k in 2025) | Moderate and growing (~28.8 per 100k in 2024) | Lower due to massive population (e.g., ~4.0 per 100k in 2013) | High compared to global average (~69.1 per 100k in 2024) |
| Contributing Factors | Healthy diet, active lifestyle, social integration | Improved healthcare, growing awareness of healthy living | Regional factors, genetics, lifestyle | Diet, social factors, rural living |
The Science Behind Longevity
Studying centenarians provides valuable insights into the factors that influence extreme longevity. Beyond location, research identifies several key contributors to living to 100 and beyond.
- Genetics: While genes play a role, lifestyle choices account for a significant portion of successful aging.
- Diet: Many centenarians maintain a balanced diet rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, with moderate protein intake and low salt.
- Physical Activity: Regular, moderate physical activity, often integrated into daily life, is consistently observed among long-lived individuals.
- Mental and Social Wellbeing: A positive attitude, low-stress levels, and strong social connections are frequently cited by centenarians as key to their happiness and long life.
For more detailed research and demographics, refer to the Pew Research Center's analysis on centenarian population trends.
Conclusion
The question, "Where is the highest population of centenarians?", yields a complex but fascinating answer that depends on whether you look at absolute numbers or per capita rates. Japan currently stands out for both its high per capita rate and recent absolute counts, with the U.S. also maintaining a substantial centenarian population. However, the true lesson lies not just in geography but in the lifestyle factors that these communities share, offering a blueprint for anyone seeking to age healthily.
