The Case for “Older Adults” and Age-Inclusive Language
When discussing individuals in later life, language plays a crucial role in promoting respect and dignity while avoiding harmful stereotypes. The term older adults has become the standard in professional fields, including medicine, psychology, and journalism, for a number of compelling reasons. Unlike terms like “elderly” or “seniors,” which can stereotype individuals as a monolithic group, “older adults” is inclusive and affirms that a person's identity is not defined by their age. It acknowledges that people continue to live rich, diverse lives regardless of their chronological age. The Associated Press, the American Psychological Association (APA), and the American Medical Association (AMA) have all updated their style guides to recommend or prefer terms such as “older adults” or “older persons”. These recommendations underscore a broader societal shift toward recognizing and combating ageism, defined as discrimination based on age.
Endorsed by Professional Guidelines
Major style guides have explicitly advised against many traditional terms. The APA, for instance, notes that terms like “senior,” “elderly,” and “the aged” are not preferred because they are “othering” and can imply a stereotype. Similarly, the AMA discourages terms that connote a stereotype, preferring phrases such as “older persons,” “older people,” or “the older population”. This consensus among authoritative bodies highlights the importance of thoughtful word choice. For writers, journalists, or healthcare professionals, adhering to these guidelines ensures communication is not only clear and accurate but also respectful and sensitive to the diverse experiences of aging.
Terms to Avoid and Their Rationale
Several terms that were once common are now considered inappropriate or condescending. Understanding why these terms are problematic is key to practicing age-inclusive language.
The Negative Connotations of “Elderly”
The term “elderly” is widely criticized for its negative and inaccurate implications. It often carries connotations of frailty, incompetence, and dependency, which do not apply to the vast majority of people as they age. This generalization is a form of ageism and can reinforce negative stereotypes. The Associated Press permits “elderly” only in headlines for space constraints and only if it refers to a specific, vulnerable individual in a story, but strongly discourages its use for groups. The negative baggage associated with the word makes it an outdated and potentially offensive choice in most contexts.
Why “Seniors” and “Senior Citizens” Are Losing Favor
While terms like “senior” or “senior citizen” are still used in some contexts, such as for discounts or specific housing, they are increasingly considered out of touch and alienating. Research indicates a steady decline in their popularity, especially among younger generations. A study by The Senior List found that inclusive terms were most appreciated by older adults, with “older adults” or “mature adults” preferred over traditional labels. These labels, particularly “senior citizen,” originated with New Deal-era benefit programs and can carry a stigma of charity. Older adults today lead more active and extended lives than in the past, making a single, broad label less reflective of their reality.
Avoid Patronizing Euphemisms
Beyond specific words, it is also important to avoid euphemisms that trivialize or patronize. Examples include phrases like “golden agers” or being “out to pasture”. Similarly, avoiding the word “still” as a modifier, as in “still driving” or “still active,” is important, as it implies that such abilities are surprising at an older age. Language should affirm a person’s continued capabilities rather than express shock or disbelief.
The Power of Specificity
General terms like “older adults” are excellent for broad discussion, but specificity is often more valuable. Whenever possible, using precise age ranges (e.g., “people aged 65 to 75”) or person-first language offers greater accuracy and respect. This approach helps combat stereotypes by focusing on the individual rather than a generalized group. For example, instead of describing a study about “older adults,” one could specify “adults over the age of 80 who have experienced a stroke” to provide clearer context.
Case-by-Case Considerations and Cultural Context
The most appropriate term can sometimes depend on the specific context. For instance, in some Indigenous communities, the term “elder” is a term of great respect and cultural significance, not a simple age descriptor. It is essential to understand and respect these cultural nuances. In contrast, the medical term “geriatrics” should be reserved for the branch of medicine and not used to describe individuals or groups of people. Respectful communication means listening to and learning from the individuals and communities one is addressing.
Choosing Your Words: A Comparison
To summarize the key takeaways, the following table provides a helpful side-by-side comparison of appropriate and inappropriate terminology for discussing older adults.
| Terminology to Use | Terminology to Avoid | Rationale for Preference |
|---|---|---|
| Older adults | The elderly | Evokes negative stereotypes of frailty. |
| Older people | Senior citizens / seniors | Seen as dated and alienating by many; often tied to specific benefit programs. |
| A specific age range | The aged | Connotes stereotypes and often implies decline. |
| Person-first language (e.g., person with dementia) | Terms that define a person by their condition (e.g., demented person) | Separates the person from their condition, focusing on their individuality. |
| Elders (in specific cultural contexts) | Elders (as a general term) | Outside of specific cultural uses, it can be a generalizing label. |
| Mature individuals | Golden agers | Euphemistic and can be seen as condescending. |
Moving Towards Age-Inclusive Communication
Implementing age-inclusive language involves more than just swapping out a few words. It requires a shift in perspective that recognizes the diversity and capabilities of older adults. Here are some practical steps to improve communication:
- Educate yourself and others. Share resources that explain the impact of ageist language on older people's health and well-being. The National Institute on Aging offers valuable guidance on avoiding ageism [https://www.nia.nih.gov/research/blog/2023/12/dont-call-me-old-avoiding-ageism-when-writing-about-aging].
- Prioritize person-first language. Always put the person before their condition or characteristic, emphasizing their humanity and individuality.
- Use neutral, inclusive terms by default. When a specific age range is unknown or not necessary, opt for “older adults” or “older people” to maintain respect.
- Embrace specificity. When referring to research or a specific demographic, use age ranges (e.g., “people aged 70-79”) to be more precise and informative.
- Listen to individual preferences. Recognize that some individuals may have a preferred term for themselves. Acknowledging their preference is the most respectful approach.
Conclusion: A Shift in Respectful Practice
The choice of an appropriate term for older adults is more than a matter of semantics; it is a vital part of respectful, inclusive communication. The consensus among authoritative bodies is clear: terms like older adults and older people are the preferred choice, as they are neutral, respectful, and avoid the negative stereotypes associated with older terms. By consciously choosing our words, we can help dismantle ageist attitudes and foster a more positive and accurate perception of aging for everyone.
Ultimately, the goal is to see and refer to each individual as a complex person with a lifetime of experience, rather than as a single, aged group. Adopting respectful terminology is a simple yet powerful step toward creating a more inclusive and empathetic society for people of all ages.
