The Shift Towards Respectful, Person-First Language
For decades, labels like "senior citizen" and "the elderly" were common and largely accepted ways to refer to older people. However, linguistic preferences evolve, and in recent years, a significant shift has occurred towards more respectful and inclusive language. Major organizations, including the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the American Psychological Association (APA), and the Associated Press (AP), now advocate for person-first language that avoids grouping individuals into monolithic categories. The core of this shift is combating ageism, which the NIA defines as discrimination based on age.
Respectful terminology avoids negative stereotypes and recognizes the vast diversity within the older population. Instead of implying frailty or dependency, preferred terms emphasize personhood and individuality. For example, instead of describing someone as "suffering from arthritis," style guides now suggest using "a person with arthritis" to place the focus on the person, not their condition. This change is crucial for challenging ingrained societal biases that associate aging with decline.
Why Words Like "Elderly" and "Senior Citizen" are Outdated
Many older adults find terms like "elderly" and "senior citizen" patronizing or stigmatizing. The word "elderly" often carries connotations of frailty, incompetence, and dependence, failing to acknowledge the active, productive lives many older individuals lead. Similarly, "senior citizen" was a term that originated in the 1930s to describe individuals receiving government benefits. For some, it still carries associations of impoverishment or marginalization rather than being a neutral descriptor.
Furthermore, both terms lump a diverse group of people—from active 65-year-olds to centenarians—into a single category. Polling has shown that many older Americans are not comfortable with being called "seniors". This highlights the importance of asking for individual preferences when possible and using more neutral, accurate language in general communication.
Preferred Terminology for Older Adults
So, what are the best alternatives? A few key strategies can help ensure respectful communication:
- Use the term "older adults": This is the most widely endorsed and neutral term by organizations like the NIA and the APA. It is inclusive and emphasizes that this group consists of adults, not a separate class of people.
- Be specific about age: Whenever possible, stating a person's specific age or age range is the most precise and factual approach. For instance, rather than referring to "the elderly," you could say "people aged 75 to 84".
- Employ person-first language: Just as with people with disabilities, focusing on the person first is crucial. Saying "a person in their 80s" or "older persons" puts the emphasis on the individual, not their age category.
- Consider context: In some contexts, like specific cultural or family settings, traditional terms might be preferred. For example, "elder" can be a term of respect in certain cultural traditions, but it is generally best to avoid it in broader, formal contexts unless specifically appropriate.
The Role of Generational Labels
It's also important to be mindful of generational labels like "Baby Boomer," "Gen X," or "Millennial." While these can be useful for discussing generational trends, they should only be used in that specific context. Applying them as a blanket term for all older people can be inaccurate and perpetuate stereotypes. Many individuals in the 65+ demographic today are Baby Boomers, but not all older adults are. For instance, someone over 80 would typically be part of the Silent Generation.
Generational terms can also carry implicit biases. For example, the term "boomer" has been co-opted in some circles to convey a dismissive tone. Using specific, neutral language whenever possible avoids such negative connotations and promotes a more objective, respectful discussion.
Table: Comparing Terms for Older Adults
| Term | Connotation | Appropriateness | Preferred Alternative(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Older Adults | Neutral, respectful, and inclusive | Highly Preferred | Also: Older persons, people over age X, or specifying an age range. |
| Senior Citizen | Often seen as patronizing or outdated, associated with stereotypes or government benefits | Avoid in general, outdated | Older adults, older person. |
| The Elderly | Often carries connotations of frailty, dependence, and decline; seen as "othering" | Avoid completely | Older adults, older people. |
| Seniors | While sometimes tolerated, often considered outdated and stereotypical, similar to "senior citizen" | Decreasingly acceptable | Older adults, specify age. |
| The Aged | Categorical and dehumanizing; seen as grouping people by a state of being | Avoid completely | Older adults, older people. |
| Elders | Can be respectful in specific cultural contexts but generally best to avoid in broad, formal usage | Context-dependent | Ask for preference; Older adults if in general use. |
| Mature Adults | Generally perceived as inclusive and positive | Acceptable, but "older adults" is more standard | Older adults. |
The Power of Individual Choice
Ultimately, the most respectful approach is to acknowledge that aging is a highly individualized experience. There is no single correct word that will suit everyone, as preferences can vary widely. While standard guidelines from respected organizations provide excellent starting points, the best practice is to ask for an individual's preference if appropriate. In general writing and public communication, however, sticking with neutral, person-first language like "older adults" is the safest and most respectful route.
Conclusion
In summary, the politically correct term for older adults is not a single, universally accepted label but a considered shift in language towards neutrality, respect, and inclusivity. By adopting terms like "older adults" and practicing specificity over generalization, we can move away from ageist stereotypes and embrace a more dignifed and accurate representation of an incredibly diverse population. The change in language is not simply about being "politically correct" but about recognizing the importance of respectful communication and the profound impact words have on perception and attitude. By being mindful of our word choices, we contribute to a more age-positive and inclusive society for everyone, regardless of age.
Why using specific age ranges is a best practice
Going beyond the general term of "older adults," specifying a person's or group's age range is often the most precise and respectful approach. This practice is common in research and reporting, but can also be applied to everyday communication. For example, rather than referring to "an elderly woman," saying "a woman in her late 70s" is more accurate and avoids stereotypical assumptions. This level of detail acknowledges that the experiences of someone who is 68 can be vastly different from someone who is 92, and it respects the individuality within the broader group.
The evolution of terminology
As life expectancy increases and societal perceptions of aging change, so too will language. The declining use of terms like "senior citizen" and the rising adoption of "older adult" show that cultural norms are shifting. Organizations like the AARP have even removed references to "retired" from their name, recognizing that many older Americans remain active in the workforce and society. This reflects a broader trend of viewing older age not as a stage of withdrawal but as a time of continued growth, contribution, and engagement. By staying informed about preferred terminology and understanding the reasons behind these shifts, we can ensure our language remains respectful and reflects the modern reality of aging. Optional authoritative outbound link: National Institute on Aging: Avoiding Ageism.
