Understanding the Shifting Definition of 'Old' in Japan
Japan has the world's longest life expectancy and consistently sets records for its centenarian population. This remarkable longevity has created a unique situation where traditional concepts of aging are being challenged by modern realities. The question of what age do Japanese consider old is not a simple one, as it involves a complex interplay of official definitions, cultural values, and individual perceptions.
The Official vs. The Geriatric Society's Proposal
The official government definition in Japan designates individuals as 'elderly' at age 65 or older. This is the standard for many public policies, including the national pension and insurance programs. However, recognizing that many people in this age bracket remain active and healthy, the joint committee of the Japan Gerontological Society and the Japan Geriatrics Society proposed a significant change.
They suggested that the definition of 'elderly' be moved to 75 and older. This proposal acknowledges that people aged 65 to 75 are often still capable of working and contributing to society. It reflects a recognition of improved health and longer, more active lifespans, and serves as an important data point in understanding the national conversation about aging.
Public Perception and the Cultural Context
Public opinion in Japan mirrors this shift in expert thought. According to a 2017 survey cited by Business Insider, 41.1% of respondents felt old age began at 70, while only 20% said it began at 65. A separate survey by AARP International found that the average age Japanese use to define "older people" was 73.7, and over 40% of people between 65 and 74 did not consider themselves older.
This fluid perception is deeply rooted in Japanese culture, which has traditionally valued and respected elders through concepts like filial piety (respect for parents and ancestors). Specific birthdays, such as Kanreki (60th) and Koki (70th), are celebrated, marking important life milestones. However, the cultural norm of no meiwaku (not causing trouble for others) also promotes independence and self-reliance, meaning many seniors strive to remain active and independent rather than relying on younger family members.
The Impact of a 'Super-Aged' Society
As a 'super-aged' society where over 28% of the population is 65 or older, Japan is a global leader in healthy aging and its associated challenges. This demographic shift has necessitated significant government policy changes, including reforms to the retirement system and incentives for older adults to remain in the workforce. The rise of the "silver economy," a market focused on goods and services for the elderly, further demonstrates the societal adaptation to a longer-living population.
- Employment: The mandatory retirement age has been extended, and more seniors are choosing to work past 65.
- Community: Community-based programs, elder clubs, and civil society organizations play a crucial role in preventing social isolation.
- Technology: Japan is at the forefront of developing robotics and AI to assist with senior care, a direct response to the increasing needs of its elderly population.
Comparison: Japanese vs. Western Views on Aging
| Feature | Japanese Perspective | Western Perspective |
|---|---|---|
| Definition of 'Old' | Fluid, culturally-defined, and rising (average ~73.7 years), challenging the official 65+ benchmark. | Often tied to retirement age (e.g., 65) or eligibility for social security, more definitively set. |
| Cultural View | Traditionally rooted in respect (filial piety), but modern values emphasize independence (no meiwaku). Aging is seen as a time of new purpose (ikigai). | Can sometimes be negative, focusing on decline or dependence. Emphasizes individual achievement and youth. |
| Social Support | Strong reliance on family and community, though societal changes are shifting this. Mandatory long-term care insurance (LTCI) provides institutional support. | Emphasizes personal independence and professional care. Varies significantly by country and family structure. |
| Work and Purpose | Strong desire to work past retirement age, viewing it as maintaining purpose and vitality (ikigai). | Varies, but retirement often seen as a complete cessation of work, though this is changing with economic realities. |
Embracing Longevity and Purpose
The secret to longevity among Japan's oldest citizens is often attributed to a combination of healthy diet, active lifestyle, strong social connections (moai), and having a sense of purpose (ikigai). A person's ikigai can be anything from caring for family to pursuing a beloved hobby or staying engaged with the community. This focus on lifelong purpose means that aging is not a process of winding down, but rather a journey of continuous engagement and meaning.
Conclusion: A Dynamic Definition
Ultimately, there is no single, universally agreed-upon answer to what age do Japanese consider old. The official definition exists for policy reasons, but public opinion, cultural values, and the realities of a longer, healthier lifespan have created a more nuanced and dynamic understanding. For many Japanese, 'old' is not a fixed number but a state of being, one that is increasingly pushed later into life as health and vitality persist. The evolving definition demonstrates a society in flux, adapting to the unprecedented success of living longer, more purposeful lives.
Further Reading
For more insight into this topic, an informative resource can be found at AARP International.
