The evolution of age-inclusive language
The way we talk about age has changed significantly as our understanding of ageism has evolved. Historically, terms like "the elderly" or "senior citizen" were common, but modern research in fields like gerontology has shown that these phrases can carry negative connotations and perpetuate stereotypes. Organizations like the National Institute on Aging, the American Medical Association, and the Associated Press now advocate for more respectful alternatives, and this shift is reflected in professional and journalistic style guides.
Older adults themselves have driven much of this change. A survey by The Senior List found that a significant number of older Americans found traditional labels patronizing. The discomfort with being labeled with outdated terms underscores the importance of choosing language that respects the diversity and individuality of people as they age.
Why certain terms are outdated
- "The elderly": This term is often rejected for its negative associations with frailty and dependency. It groups a vast, diverse population into a single, often vulnerable-seeming category, which can be dehumanizing.
- "Senior citizen": Coined during the New Deal era to refer to people eligible for government benefits, this term can feel out-of-touch and has declined in popularity. Many people associate it with negative images of passivity or helplessness.
- "Seniors": While still widely used, surveys show that many older adults do not prefer this term. It can be seen as "othering," positioning older people as a group apart from mainstream society rather than an integral part of it.
The rise of inclusive alternatives
The shift is towards language that is neutral, respectful, and person-first. The most prominent alternative is "older adults" because it accurately describes a demographic without implying specific health status or capability. The term's neutral tone and inclusive nature are widely supported by major health and journalism authorities.
Another recommended approach is to be more specific. For example, rather than referring to "older adults" in a study, one might specify "adults aged 75 to 84". This level of detail provides clarity and avoids sweeping generalizations about a population with wide-ranging life experiences and health statuses.
Commonly Used Terms for Older People: A Comparison
| Term | Connotations | Why it's avoided by some | Preferred Usage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Older Adults / Older People | Neutral, respectful, inclusive | Some find it bland, but generally the most accepted option. | Recommended for most general contexts. |
| The Elderly | Negative, frail, dependent | Reinforces negative stereotypes and generalizes a diverse group. | Avoided in modern, respectful language. |
| Seniors / Senior Citizen | Patronizing, dated, passive | Associated with discounts and outdated assumptions about lifestyle. | Acceptable if an individual prefers it, but not for general use. |
| Elders | Respectful, wise, traditional | Can be misused outside of specific cultural contexts where it holds significance. | Appropriate for specific communities where it is culturally preferred. |
The consequences of ageist language
Using ageist language has been shown to have serious implications for older people's physical and mental health. Internalizing negative stereotypes can lead to reduced quality of life and even reduced life expectancy. Ageist stereotypes can also lead to social isolation and depression. From a policy standpoint, language that frames an aging population as a "catastrophe" or "burden" can hinder efforts to create age-inclusive communities and policies. Instead, adopting language that presents aging as a normal and valuable part of the human experience is crucial.
Conclusion
While no single term will satisfy everyone, "older adults" has emerged as the most broadly accepted and respectful term for referring to people in their later years. It is a neutral, non-stereotypical choice that has been adopted by leading medical and journalistic institutions. Avoiding outdated labels like "elderly" and "senior citizen" is a simple but important way to combat ageism and promote a more respectful and inclusive society. The best approach is to lead with empathy, use specific language when possible, and follow the individual's preference if known, reinforcing the idea that people of all ages should be treated with dignity and respect.
The power of person-first language
- When discussing an individual with an age-related condition, focusing on the person, not the diagnosis, is paramount. For example, saying "a person with dementia" is more respectful than "a demented person".
- This approach, focusing on person-first language, reinforces the individual's identity beyond their condition or age bracket. It serves as a reminder that the person is more than their diagnosis, disability, or age.
The role of style guides
- The evolution of style guides used by major publications and professional organizations demonstrates a broader societal shift. The Associated Press and American Medical Association both recommend "older adults" over older terms.
- Journalists, medical professionals, and communicators across industries are being retrained to use more precise and respectful language, highlighting the growing awareness of ageism's impact.
