Navigating Terminology: What to call an older person?

Research consistently shows that respectful language can positively impact an individual's well-being and challenge negative stereotypes about aging. Choosing appropriate and inclusive language is crucial, and knowing what to call an older person is the first step toward promoting dignity and respect in all interactions.

Quick Summary

Preferring terms like "older adults" or "older people" over "seniors" or "the elderly" aligns with modern, inclusive communication that avoids perpetuating stereotypes. When possible, it is best to ask for an individual's preferred address to ensure complete respect for their identity and preferences.

Key Points

• Embrace 'Older Adult': This is the most recommended and respectful term for general use, avoiding the negative baggage of labels like 'seniors' or 'the elderly'.

• Ask for Their Preference: The most respectful approach is to directly ask an individual how they prefer to be addressed, using formal titles until invited otherwise.

• Practice Person-First Language: Focus on the person before their condition. For example, say 'a person with dementia' rather than 'a demented person'.

• Avoid Stereotypes: Challenge ageist assumptions by avoiding infantilizing language and refraining from implying that being active at an older age is unusual.

• Be Specific, Not General: Use specific age ranges (e.g., 'persons aged 65 and older') for clarity in relevant contexts, rather than broad, othering terms.

• Words Have Power: Understanding and adopting modern, respectful terminology is a key step in combating ageism and fostering a more inclusive society for all ages.

Why Language Matters in Healthy Aging

Words are not neutral; they shape perceptions and attitudes. Using respectful, person-centered language is a fundamental way to combat ageism, the prejudice or discrimination against individuals based on their age. This is particularly important in the context of healthy aging and senior care, where outdated or condescending language can inadvertently reinforce harmful stereotypes of frailty and dependence.

By consciously choosing our words, we can help dismantle these biases and promote a more positive, empowering view of later life. Inclusive language acknowledges that older people are not a monolithic group defined by their age, but a diverse population with varying experiences, capabilities, and preferences. It emphasizes their continued value as active, contributing members of society.

The Evolution of Terminology: From Outdated to Inclusive

Over time, terminology has evolved to better reflect societal values and the preferences of older adults themselves. Terms once considered standard are now seen as outdated or even offensive by many. For instance, the term "senior citizen" was originally coined in the 1930s but can carry negative connotations of dependency or neediness today.

Many style guides and medical organizations, including the Associated Press and the American Medical Association, have updated their recommendations to reflect a move toward more neutral, inclusive language. This shift is a direct response to feedback from older adults who prefer to be seen as individuals rather than defined by a broad, often stigmatized, label. Embracing modern terminology is a sign of respect and a commitment to ongoing learning and sensitivity.

Preferred and Respected Terms

• Older adult(s): This is the most widely recommended and neutral term for general use. It is respectful and places the focus on the individual as a mature, whole person.
• Older people or Older persons: Another excellent, inclusive alternative that emphasizes the humanity of the individual.
• Persons aged 65 and older: Using a specific age range is precise and avoids generalization, especially in medical or research contexts.
• Mature adults: A positive, affirming term that some may appreciate.
• Their preferred name: The most respectful approach is to simply ask an individual how they prefer to be addressed. Using a formal title like Mr. or Ms., or a first name if invited, shows great respect.

Terms to Avoid

• The elderly: This term is generally rejected by older adults and style guides alike. It implies frailty and suggests a group that is separate from the rest of society.
• Seniors/Senior citizens: While still common, these terms are losing favor. Many older adults find them patronizing or loaded with outdated stereotypes.
• The aged: This is a dehumanizing term that reduces individuals to their age.
• Geriatric: This term specifically refers to the medical field of geriatrics and should not be used to describe individuals or groups of people.
• “Elders” (General use): While it can be appropriate in certain cultural contexts, such as referring to American Indian/Alaska Natives, using it generally can be seen as patronizing or overgeneralized.

Adopting Person-First and Respectful Communication

Beyond labels, the way we speak and interact can reinforce or dismantle ageist attitudes. Adopting a person-first approach is key, which means focusing on the individual as a whole person, not their condition or age.

1. Prioritize the person: Say "a person with dementia" instead of "a demented person." This emphasizes their identity and value beyond their health condition.
2. Avoid infantilizing language: Do not use "elderspeak," a simplified or patronizing tone that resembles baby-talk. Phrases like "good girl" or "dearie" are condescending. Speak to older adults as you would any peer.
3. Be specific, not generalizing: Instead of saying "the elderly residents," try "residents over the age of 80." Specificity honors the diversity within the older population.
4. Question assumptions: Avoid saying someone is "still active" or "still driving." This implies that being active at an older age is an anomaly. Instead, simply state their activity.
5. Listen actively and with patience: Don't rush conversations. Allow older adults time to speak and share their stories. Active listening shows respect and fosters a deeper connection.

Comparing Terminology: Outdated vs. Inclusive

Attribute	Outdated Terminology	Inclusive Terminology
General Reference	The elderly, seniors, senior citizens	Older adults, older people, persons aged X and older
Focus	Defines individuals by their age or perceived deficits	Defines individuals by their humanity and experiences
Tone	Often carries paternalistic or condescending undertones	Respectful, neutral, and empowering
Perception	Can reinforce stereotypes of frailty and dependence	Challenges stereotypes and promotes dignity
Cultural Sensitivity	Can be culturally inappropriate, overgeneralized	More respectful, open to individual preferences
Example	The frail elderly suffer from arthritis.	A person diagnosed with arthritis is managing their symptoms.

Conclusion: Choosing Respect with Every Word

How we refer to older individuals speaks volumes about our respect for them and our understanding of the aging process. By shifting away from outdated, ageist labels toward more inclusive and person-centered language like "older adult," we contribute to a more positive and respectful environment for everyone. The best policy is to always prioritize the individual's dignity, ask for their preferences when possible, and remember that age is just one aspect of a person's identity.

For more information on combating ageism and promoting a positive view of aging, consult resources from the National Institute on Aging: National Institute on Aging: Don’t call me “old”: Avoiding ageism when writing about aging.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the most respectful term to use for an older person?

The most widely accepted and respectful term for general use is "older adult" or "older person." It is neutral, person-centered, and avoids the negative stereotypes associated with older terms like "senior citizen" or "the elderly".

Should I use "senior" or "senior citizen"?

While these terms are still common, they are declining in popularity and are often viewed as outdated or patronizing by older adults. Many older Americans and professional style guides now prefer terms like "older adult".

Is it okay to use the term "elder"?

The use of "elder" depends on the context. In some cultural settings, particularly with American Indian/Alaska Native populations, it is a preferred and respectful term. However, for general use, it can be seen as an overgeneralization. It is best to use "older adult" unless you know the specific cultural preference.

How should I address an older person in a care setting?

Always start with formal address, such as "Mr." or "Ms.," and their last name. The most respectful approach is to ask them directly how they would like to be addressed. Avoid using casual or condescending terms like "dear" or "honey".

Why is "elderly" considered a bad term?

"Elderly" is often associated with negative stereotypes of frailty, dependence, and decline. It lumps a diverse group of people into a single, often stigmatized category. Many style guides and advocacy groups discourage its use.

What is person-first language in the context of aging?

Person-first language puts the individual before any condition or diagnosis. For example, you would say "a person with Alzheimer's" instead of "an Alzheimer's patient." This emphasizes their identity as a whole person.

What's wrong with saying someone is "still so active"?

Using the word "still" implies that being active at an older age is an exception rather than a normal possibility. It can inadvertently reinforce the stereotype that older age and physical activity don't naturally go together. It is better to simply state the fact of their activity.