The Evolving Language of Aging
The way we speak about older individuals has shifted significantly over the decades. Terms that were once common are now often seen as outdated or even disrespectful. The word 'elderly,' for example, is increasingly discouraged by major organizations like the American Medical Association and the Gerontological Society of America because it can connote frailty and negative stereotypes [1.4.3]. Similarly, while 'elder' can be a term of great respect, particularly within certain cultures like American Indian/Alaska Native communities, it is not universally preferred [1.4.4, 1.7.4]. The modern consensus leans towards language that is neutral, specific, and empowering.
Preferred & Respectful Terminology
Leading organizations in aging and geriatrics advocate for using neutral, person-first language. The goal is to describe people by their age without attaching stereotypes. Here are some of the most widely accepted terms:
- Older Adult(s): This is the most recommended term by style guides from the American Medical Association (AMA), American Psychological Association (APA), and the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (JAGS) [1.4.2, 1.4.3]. It is a neutral, factual descriptor for individuals aged 65 and older.
- Older Person/People: Similar to 'older adult,' this phrase is a simple and direct way to refer to someone's age without negative connotations [1.4.3].
- People Age 65 and Over: For clarity in writing and research, specifying the age range is a best practice. This avoids ambiguity about who is being discussed [1.4.3]. AARP often uses descriptors like “people 50-plus” for this reason [1.7.1].
Common & Casual Synonyms
While the terms above are preferred in formal and professional contexts, other words are still prevalent in everyday language. Their appropriateness often depends on the speaker, the listener, and the situation.
- Senior/Seniors: This is a very common term, though its popularity is declining. Some find it acceptable, while others associate it with dependency or dusty bingo halls [1.4.5].
- Senior Citizen: Coined in the 1930s, this term can sometimes imply an impoverished status and is not the preferred choice for many individuals [1.4.5].
- Retiree/Retired Person: This describes a person's work status, not necessarily their age. It's a factual term but doesn't apply to all older adults, as many continue to work past the traditional retirement age.
- Golden Ager: This is a more lighthearted and positive term, focusing on the 'golden years' of life after retirement [1.2.1].
- Patriarch/Matriarch: These words denote a respected male or female head of a family or tribe, carrying a connotation of authority and reverence [1.2.1].
- Veteran: In the context of experience, 'veteran' can refer to someone with long service in a particular field, implying wisdom and skill [1.2.1].
Comparison of Common Terms
| Term | Connotation | Best Use Case |
|---|---|---|
| Older Adult | Neutral, Factual, Respectful | Formal, clinical, and general writing. Endorsed by major health organizations [1.4.3]. |
| Senior | Mixed; can be seen as neutral or slightly dated. | Casual conversation, marketing for senior discounts (with caution). |
| Elderly | Negative; implies frailty, dependence. | Generally should be avoided, especially in formal contexts [1.4.3, 1.7.1]. |
| Senior Citizen | Outdated; can imply dependence [1.4.5]. | Rarely the best choice; 'older adult' is a better alternative. |
| Golden Ager | Positive, lighthearted. | Informal, positive contexts; may feel patronizing to some [1.2.1]. |
| Retiree | Factual (work status). | When specifically referring to someone who has retired from their career. |
The Importance of Person-First Language
Just as we say "a person with diabetes" instead of "a diabetic," using person-first language for aging is crucial. This practice emphasizes the individual rather than their age or any health conditions. For example, instead of saying "an elderly woman," it's better to say "a woman, age 89" [1.4.3]. This subtle shift in wording helps to combat ageism—discrimination based on age—by focusing on the person's humanity.
Ageism has been linked to poorer physical and mental health outcomes, so choosing our words carefully is more than just being politically correct; it's a matter of health and well-being [1.4.4]. Language that reinforces independence, experience, and knowledge is most effective and respectful [1.7.1]. For a deeper dive into this topic, the National Institute on Aging (NIA) provides comprehensive resources on healthy aging and communication.
Conclusion: Choose Words with Care
The answer to "What are elders also called?" is complex. While many synonyms exist, the most respectful and modern approach is to use neutral, person-first language like 'older adult' or 'older person.' Always consider the individual's preference if you know it. By avoiding terms that carry negative stereotypes, such as 'elderly' or 'senile,' and opting for more specific and empowering language, we can help disrupt ageism and foster a more inclusive society for people of all ages.
